The essence and content of the term philosophy

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   Islamic doctrine and philosophy. Islom ta’limoti va falsafasi butun islom tarixi davomida keng o‘rganilgan va muhokama qilinadigan mavzular bo‘lib kelgan. Islom taʼlimoti Allohning yagonaligiga, Muhammadning paygʻambarligiga, Qurʼon nozil boʻlishiga eʼtiqodga asoslangan. Islom falsafasi esa islom nuqtai nazaridan borliq, bilim, axloq va metafizika bilan bog'liq savollarni oqilona tekshirish bilan shug'ullanadi. Musulmon faylasuflari Xudoning tabiati, vahiy qilish imkoniyati, hayotning mazmuni, insoniyat bilan ilohiy munosabatlarga oid savollarni o‘rganishda aql va ratsionallikdan foydalanganlar. Mashhur musulmon faylasuflari qatorida Ibn Rushd (Averroes), al-Forobiy, Ibn Sino (Avitsenna) va al-G'azzoliy va boshqalar kiradi.( Islamic doctrine and philosophy have been topics of extensive study and discussion throughout the history of Islam. The doctrine of Islam is based on the belief in the oneness of God, the belief in the prophethood of Muhammad, and the belief in the revelation of the Qur'an. Islamic philosophy, on the other hand, is concerned with the rational investigation of questions related to existence, knowledge, ethics, and metaphysics from an Islamic perspective. Muslim philosophers have used reason and rationality in studying questions related to the nature of God, the possibility of revelation, the meaning of life, and the relationship between humanity and the divine. Some of the famous Muslim philosophers include Ibn Rushd (Averroes), al-Farabi, Ibn Sina (Avicenna), and al-Ghazali, among others.)
   
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   What forms of existence exist. Borliq — obyektiv mavjud reallikni ifodalovchi falsafiy tushuncha. U moddiypredmet olamidangina iborat emas. Borliq turli darajada namoyon boʻladi: organik va noorganik tabiat, biosfera, ijtimoiy borliq, obyektivideal borliq (madaniy qadriyatlar, ilmiy bilimning umumiy prinsiplari, tushunchalari va h.k.), inson turmushi. Borliq falsafa tarixida turlicha talqin qilingan. Yaqin va Oʻrta Sharq falsafasida Kindiy, Forobiy, Ibn Sino, Umar Xayyom, Ibn Rushd kabi mutafakkirlar borliq ni ikkiga — vujudi mumkin va vujudi vojibga boʻladilar. Ularning falsafasida borliqning dastlabki sababchisi Alloh (vujudi vojib), lekin Alloh bilan borliq ni bir-biridan ajratib tasavvur qilib boʻlmaydi, bular sababoqibat shaklida bir-birlari bilan uzviy bogʻliq, degan tushuncha yotadi.Real va xayoliy borliq oʻrtasida alohida tafovut bor. Real borliq mavjudlikni, xayoliy borliq mohiyatni belgilaydi. Real borliq narsalar, jarayonlar, shaxslar, xattiharakatlar va boshqa ning realligini bildiradi; u makon va zamon harakteriga ega, u alohida, betakror. Xayoliy borliq (gʻoya maʼnosida) vaqtinchalik, haqiqiy, tajribaviy harakteridan mahrum, u fakt boʻla olmaydi; u qatʼiy oʻzgarmas (qotib qolgan), abadiy mavjud (N. Gartman). Xayoliy borliq bu maʼnoda qadriyat, gʻoya, matematik va mantiqiy tushuncha sifatida yuzaga chiqadi. Platon unda chin, xususiy „real“ borliq ni koʻradi. Umumiy maʼnodagi borliq dan muayyan borliq farq qiladi. Geraklit fikricha, hech qanday qotib qolgan borliq yoʻq, doimo oʻzgaruvchan borliq bor. Metafiziklar „haqiqiy“ borliq transsendent, narsa oʻzidadir deb biladilar. Barcha mavjud narsalarning yigʻindisini, umuman olamni borliq deb ataydilar. J. Berkli, D. Yum borliq faqat subyektda, ongdagina mavjud deb biladilar. Baʼzi faylasuflar borliq ni qandaydir dunyoviy ruhning, gʻayri moddiy kuchning koʻrinishlaridan iborat, deb hisoblaydilar. Xususan Gegel falsafasida borliq mutlaq gʻoyaning oʻzligidan, mavhumlikdan konkretlikka tomon yuksalib boruvchi dastlabki, bevosita va juda noaniq bosqichi hisoblanadi. Borliq ni ruhmahsuli sifatida qarash 19-asr oxiri — 20-asr boshidagi falsafaga ham xos. L. Feyerbax, A. I. Gersen, N. G. Chernishevskiy borliq obyektiv, u harakatdagi materiya bilan bogʻliq deb taʼkidlaydilar. Baʼzi falsafiy oqimlar mavjud olamning realligini, borliq ning obyektivligini eʼtirof etadilar. Borliq ning eng muhim xususiyati — moddiyligida ekanligini alohida taʼkidlaydilar. Hozirgi zamon ontologiyasiga koʻra, borliq — barcha mavjudotning turlituman koʻrinishlari bilan aynandir.( Existence is a philosophical concept that represents an objectively existing reality. It does not consist only of the world of material objects. Existence is manifested at different levels: organic and inorganic nature, biosphere, social existence, objective-ideal existence (cultural values, general principles, concepts of scientific knowledge, etc.), human life. Being has been interpreted differently in the history of philosophy. In the philosophy of the Near and Middle East, thinkers such as Kindi, Farabi, Ibn Sina, Omar Khayyam, and Ibn Rushd divide existence into two - possible existence and obligatory existence. In their philosophy lies the concept that the first cause of existence is Allah (his existence is obligatory), but Allah and existence cannot be separated from each other, they are inextricably linked with each other in the form of causality.There is a distinct difference between real and imaginary existence. Real existence defines existence, imaginary existence defines essence. Real existence refers to the reality of things, processes, persons, behaviors, etc.; it has the character of space and time, it is special, unique. An imaginary existence (in the sense of an idea) is devoid of a temporary, real, experiential character, it cannot be a fact; it is fixed, eternally existing (N. Hartman). Imaginary existence in this sense appears as a value, an idea, a mathematical and logical concept. Plato sees in it a true, private "real" existence. Specific existence differs from existence in the general sense. According to Heraclitus, there is no fixed existence, only ever-changing existence. Metaphysicians believe that "true" existence is transcendent, the thing-in-itself. The totality of all existing things, the universe as a whole, is called existence. J. Berkeley, D. Hume believe that existence exists only in the subject, only in the mind. Some philosophers believe that existence consists of manifestations of some earthly spirit, immaterial force. In particular, in Hegel's philosophy, existence is the initial, direct and very uncertain stage of the absolute idea itself, rising from abstraction to concreteness. Viewing existence as a product of the soul is typical of the philosophy of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. L. Feuerbach, A. I. Gersen, N. G. Chernyshevsky claim that existence is objective, it is related to matter in motion. Some philosophical currents recognize the reality of the existing world, the objectivity of existence. They emphasize that the most important feature of existence is its materiality. According to the modern ontology, existence is exactly the various manifestations of all existence.)
   
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