Tashkent state pedagogical university named after nizami faculty of foreign languages

(1) I won’t do anything – I’ll just go with you, that’s all (Eng.) - (2) ‘Я не буду делать чего бы то ни было (чего-либо) – я лишь пойду с тобой, вот и все!’ (Rus.) / “Мен хеч нарса/нима қилмайман - фақат сен билан бораман, тамом” (Ўзб.)
As example (1) shows, the above structural model of generalized negative sentences (constructions with ± NP (...)) for all its peripherality in Russian and Uzbek (the sentence Я не буду ничего делать would sound more familiar) is universal in nature, indicating that between two bright typological varieties of negation (mono- and polynegativity) there is impassable boundaries. Consequently, the identified structural models make it possible to clearly demonstrate on the one hand, typological differences between the two languages, and on the other, what they have something in common.
Until now, a comparative analysis of the structures of negation has been carried out on the basis of the classical, standardized English, Russian and Uzbek languages. Meanwhile, spoken language, being the avant-garde of language development is characterized by somewhat less stringent norms. In literary samples, it is presented fragmentarily, performing certain stylistic tasks. Nevertheless, those rare cases that we managed to find are of certain interest to us, since they allow us to identify additional connecting "bridges" that exist between the two structural types of denial.
As specialized means of generalized negation, negative pronouns in normative classical English independently formulate negation in a sentence. Polynegativity, or "accumulation" of several negative elements in one sentence, while preserving their negative semantics, - the phenomenon for the English language is not typical, but as a reflection of the tendencies of colloquial speech it finds its expression.
One of the variants of the "accumulation" of negation can be considered "pleonastic" (the term O. Jespersen [17] (repeated) negation. As opposed to the strict, classic English language in its colloquial everyday variant, the negation can be strengthened through its doubling:
(2) I don’t do no work when it snows. Some does. But I don’t / ‘Когда снег идет, я не работаю (досл. ‘не делаю никакой работы’). Есть которые и работают. А я нет’.
Pleonastic negation is based on the emotional nature of speech. According to the researchers, in particular, O. Jespersen, in a sentence one indicator of negation is logically sufficient, but under the influence of a strong feeling, the logical principle recedes into the background, and “negative mood spreads throughout the entire sentence” [17, p. 69]. Pleonasm is used in connection with an unconscious need to express an important concept as expressively as possible. Therefore, in such cases, as shown in example (2), negation is expressed at least twice.
As for the Russian language, along with the most typical two-part sentences, in which generalized negation is formed by a polynegative structural model, there are rarer formations. We are talking about sentences without a predicate verb in a personal form. In this case, generalized negation is formalized with special negative pronoun in one of the indirect cases with the prefix не - in combination with the infinitive of the corresponding verb.
As for the Russian language, along with the most typical two-part sentences in which generalized negation is formed by a polynegative structural model are rarer. We are talking about sentences without a predicate verb in a personal form. In this case, the generalized negation is formalized by special NP (negative pronouns), one of the indirect cases with the prefix not- in combination with the infinitive of the corresponding verb.
NP with the prefix не - do not have the same morphological signs with a word with не-, being morphologically correlated with nouns, word forms никто, ничто, некого, нечего change in cases.
In the Uzbek language we also use polynagative structures. If we translate the English sentence "We can never be the same again and again" into the Uzbek word by word we can have the phrase like “Biz endi hech qachon va hech qayerda birga bololmaymiz”. Because with affixes -ma negative affixal morpheme does not mean complete negation in the sentence, but the sentence –ma negation requires a structure without an affixal morpheme. For example, if we say the phrase «Biz endi hech qachon va hech qaerda ilgarigidek bo’rolmaymiz» like «Biz endi qachondir va qaerdadir birga bo’lolmaymiz» the meaning changes. It happens because pronoun and an affixal morpheme –ma do not give the meaning of completed action, but demands to use in the sentence without ma-. That is reason why it is required to say «Biz endi allaqachon va allaqaerda ilgarigidek bo’lamiz». Our attention is drawn to the English version of the sentence when it takes the form of "Never again, here or elsewhere we will be the same." The never denial adverb is the equivalent to the negative pronouns hech qachon and hech qaerda or – ma negative affix morpheme in Uzbek. Thus negative pronouns of Uzbek language are equivalents to negative adverbs of the English language. In addition, secondary negation in language can lead to irrationality and in the context of speech it is noted that the use of secondary negation is mathematically as divisible as the two negatives are positive, and this is a grammatically strict rule.
The use of more than one means of negation is typical for Uzbek language. For example: English: “I tell you Jennie”, he repeated, as she was leaving, “I don’t want you to worry” (38, p.80). In Uzbek sounds: Senga hech nimadan havotir olma deyapman-ku, Jenni, - derdi senator qiz qaytish taraddudiga tushganda (38, p. 66).
If we look at the example above, Uzbek and English variants semantically has the same meaning, but in terms of morphological structure the Uzbek example contains morphological element.
As a way of expressing negation the particle “emas” along with the preposition “tugul” are used in the Uzbek language. For example: Aslida non tugul choy ham tomoqdan o’tadigan gap ham qilmagan edi Dilbar. (44, p.4). Very often the particle na is used for negation and it differs from other ones. It is used repeatedly in the sentence and connects parts of the sentence. Particle na is sometimes used in the function of connector and negative particle. In this function it is close, bu not the same to the English neither...nor.
Uzbek: “Bu ikkalasidan kechuvchiga esa na podshohning qahri, na jahannamning qa’ri farqsizdir (43, p. 43) - English: For those who give up both, there is neither the wrath of the king nor the wrath of the king the depths of hell are indistinguishable (43, p. 43).
In most cases, only English is never translated into Uzbek and Russian in the function of two elements, the element of negation by the negative pronoun and the participle (of action), but in the English sentence only one negation is found. For example: English: If she doesn`t begin now she will never know them (38, p.163). – Uzbek: Hozirdan o’rganib bormasa keyin u hech qachon yod ololmaydi (38, p.150). – Russian: Если она не начнёт теперь, она никогда их не начнёт. (38, p.168).
If to continue the comparison of negation in languages, it is necessary to mention that it is possible to translate English never into Uzbek and Russian by one negation. English: I have never experienced the sensation myself (38, p.185). – Russian: Мне не довелось этого испытать. (38, p.205). Uzbek: Uni sinab ko’rmovdim (38, p.185).

2.