Tashkent state pedagogical university named after nizami faculty of foreign languages

Outcomes of the first chapter

The term "negation" was introduced into philosophy by the German philosopher Georg Hegel, but he put an idealistic meaning into it. In his opinion, negation is based on the development of ideas, the development of thought. Other German philosophers explained the term "negation" materialistically and showed that negation is an integral development of material reality.

From the above theses, one can see that negation does not completely destroy the old, but only moves it to a new level, which can be compared with both logic and language. Next, we will draw a parallel of this concept with logic and directly with language.
Negation has always been an object of both linguistics and formal logic. According to formal logic, negation is "... a logical operation that opposes a true judgment to an untrue, a false judgment to a false, indicating a discrepancy between a predicate and a subject, or forming an addition to this class ..."
Logical negation, expressed by lexical, syntactic and grammatical means of the language. In addition, denial can be expressed explicitly (at the lexical level – using negative affixes, particles and grammatical means) and implicitly (using words with negative semantics and various syntactic constructs);
The logical content of the language category of negation is non-being, other-being, difference, deprivation. Also, in the content of the language negations may include other denotative particulars, such as: disagreement, objection, refusal, prohibition, protest and others. Therefore, negation can also be attributed to the formal universals common to all languages:
In the sentence always denied some affirmation (predication), called "scopus" (from the Latin language "goal, range "), in other words, the scope of action, which can be the whole sentence or some part of it.
Within the framework of cognitive linguistics the negation is considered as a concept, i.e. operational meaningful unit of thinking.