Tashkent state pedagogical university named after nizami faculty of foreign languages

Outcomes of the second chapter


In the second chapter the comparative analysis of negation in three languages English, Uzbek and Russian is done and a variety of ways of expressing negation are analysed.
The main difference identified during research is the English negation is mostly nonnegative, while Uzbek and Russian language uses mostly polynegation in their sentences. But polynegative structures in Modern English are becoming common for British English to intensify emotional colouring or to show hyper negation.
In polynegative sentences Russian sentence contains не along with the negative pronouns.
The Uzbek polynegation is represented by affix morpheme –ma and negative pronouns.
The Uzbek na…na in some cases can transfer the meaning of English neither…nor.
Along with the Uzbek emas particle, the preposition tugul is used.
There are such ways of expressing negation as negative affixes; negative particles; negative pronouns and adverbs; negative conjunctions; negative prepositions (postpositions); and also an implicit way of expressing negation.
Lexical means of expressing negation are the means, in the semantics of which the negation contains. Moreover, the feature of the words of one part of speech, which is negative, easily enters into another part of speech during the formation of words. Together with other means, lexical means "offer" the speaker a choice of types of negation, and also make it possible to use linguistic means in the most correct way, create any linguistic situation, and achieve the intended tasks in speech.
Variety of negative syntactic constructions refers to the strengthening and weakening of meaning of negation. Strengthening and weakening of negation are expressed as intensification and de-intensification of negative meaning. Intensification - the de-intensification of negation is explained by mutual denial actions in the category of intensity that reflects all differences, which are the categories of quantity, magnitude, value, strength.