Sistemazione and death: the role of the Wittenoom asbestos mine in the lives and



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The Circuitous Path to Australia 
Such difficult circumstances set working class Italians throughout the first half of the 20th 
century on multiple migration paths for work.
31 
The most pressing reason to leave Italy was found in the aftermath of World War 2. 
The Fascist regime’s choice to side with Germany and Japan had made Italy a combat zone
with the country experiencing Allied bombings. Over three million homes, railway stock
trucks, bridges and ports were destroyed or badly damaged.
32 
Once Mussolini was deposed 
in 1943, Nazi atrocities followed.
33 
In spite of the devastation, Italy’s economy revived quickly 
only to be stalled by the government initiated credit squeeze to slow down the country’s 
rampant inflation.
34
Economic growth, albeit uneven, would only be sustained in the 1960s.
35
A long history as a labour-sending rather than a labour-importing area would exclude Italy 
from the benefit of high growth that the influx of workers stimulated elsewhere.
36
Prime 
Minister De Gasperi saw emigration as the solution to the country’s high unemployment. 
Until 1965, despite Italian diplomacy and Papal pronouncements, the U.S. (the 
recipient of many Italian migrants in the early 1900s) retained its immigration quotas 
introduced in the 1920s, limiting Italians’ entry.
37
Italy consequently pursued other migration 
avenues. In 1947 the government signed bi-lateral agreements with Switzerland and 
Argentina — two of Italy’s traditional migrant destinations.
38
31
See, for example,Gabaccia & Ottanelli, Op Cit. Gabaccia (2000), Op Cit. Sassen, Op Cit. Cecilia, 
Op Cit.
32
Clark, Op Cit, p. 317. 
33
Bosworth, Op Cit. p. 613. 
34
Clark, Op Cit. p. 348. 
35
Bosworth, Op Cit. p. 613. 
36
SassenOp Cit. p. 140. 
37
Bosworth, Op Cit. p. 613. 
38
Ibid. p. 613. 


74 

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