Figure 9: Terraced vineyards in the Valtellina 2008.
75
Figure 10: Rosa Tamburri's family. Rosa is on her mother’s
right. Photo courtesy Rosa Tamburri.
76
Several participants’ accounts suggest the Swiss agreement proved unsatisfactory as they
were offered only seasonal or temporary work.
In a population of 48 million people, official
Italian statistics by August 1951 had recorded approximately 1.7 million Italians without work;
with the hidden unemployed among rural labourers estimated at 3 to 4 million. With returning
soldiers swelling the numbers wanting jobs, it was impossible to reduce the high
unemployment.
39
Just as had happened in response to previous economic crises, the Italian
Prime Minister Alcide De Gasperi encouraged Italians to go abroad: “Imparate le lingue e
emigrate”.
40
Richard Casey, the Australian Foreign Minister, in private meetings with De
Gasperi in November 1951 touched on another reason. Emigration would reduce the
temptation for people to drift into Communism in desperation; an ideology the recently
elected Menzies government and Pope Pius XII alike also saw as a menace.
41
By 1951 the
Italian government had signed a bi-lateral agreement with Australia.
42
Disheartened and anxious to find work, couples and single men and women across
Italy emigrated. In many instances migration occurred within Italy or into neighbouring
European countries, as had been the case before the war. Many young children found work
in their village, or as was common in the northern alpine areas of Lombardy and the Trentino
Alto Adige, they walked over the mountains into Switzerland where jobs as shepherds were
available in spring and summer. Prompted by my question as to why his father had gone to
Wittenoom in 1951, Severino Scandella told me about his late father Evaristo’s early
migration experiences from his village of Fino del Monte in Lombardy. His father’s decision
had its beginnings in his childhood work experiences, long before ever having heard of
Wittenoom.
He went [to Wittenoom]... the reason being that he
wanted to earn more money than he was earning by
being in Switzerland or in France, as happened to the
majority of our fellow townspeople... Our young people of
that time… would leave at the age of 8, 9,10. They would
39
National Archives of Australia, Brisbane: A report on Immigration and related matters – 1952. Book
1, series BP311/4.The Australia-Italy Assisted Passage Migration Agreement: 29 March 1951, p. 2.
40
Learn a language and emigrate! Bosworth, Op Cit. p. 613.
41
Millar, T.B. (ed.), (1972), Australian Foreign Minister: The Diaries of R.G. Casey 1951-1960
(London: Collins), pp. 15-16 & 52.
42
Australia and Italy (1951), 'No.1741, Agreement between the Government of Italy and the
Government of the Commonwealth of Australia for Assisted Migration', United Nations -Treaty Series
1952.
77
go to Switzerland on foot... Going through the mountains,
through the Bresolana, and the other passes to get to St
Moritz… There they used to work as shepherds and
herdsmen… He [Evaristo] stayed in Switzerland until he
was… 19 or 20 years of age... He was born in 1915, and
the war had started.
Evaristo Scandella, like many Italian emigrants, learned new skills and earned the admiration
of his employers for his work ethic.
From 1935 to 1940 before the war, then, while they were
there, in time, they would find other jobs…..such as
carpenters, labourers, bricklayers. And because they all
had the same history of being good workers, people who
wanted to work, they changed their jobs often and
willingly; usually from one season to another. Every
company, every business, which employed them, would
always pay them a little bit more, so that they would
return to work with them. Therefore when they were
there, all our emigrants would go from business to
business, from company to company, in order to earn
more.
43
The lack of permanent employment had persisted in Switzerland. In 1951 Evaristo Scandella,
now with a wife and two young daughters and without secure employment, had no option but
to accept the offer of work from the Wittenoom mine manager, Paul Reagan, when he arrived
in Evaristo’s home town. Reagan seemed to know they were experienced miners. This
perhaps was not unusual, as in nearby Gorno there were mines owned by an English
company — possibly belonging to the British asbestos company Turner & Newall. Their
senior executive, Walter Shepherd, visited Wittenoom in 1951.
44
In the villages of southern and central Italy while parents worked girls like Rosa
Tamburri tended to help out on the family farm, provide child care for the younger members
of the family, or were employed as domestic servants by the wealthy. To supplement her
family’s limited income before and after the war Rosa Tamburri’s father, like many men,
travelled widely to find work.
I remember running after my dad all the time… He used
to go out to work a lot. I used to cry. I want go with him.
He used to go anywhere. Rome. He used to go to
countries where there was… work there — three, four,
weeks, five weeks… I remember my mum struggling with
us. We were five of us. My brother was born — the
youngest one in 1945. There was a lot of suffering there.
43
Interview with Severino Scandella, Italy, November 2008.
44
Shepherd, W. W. F. Report on Visit to Australia 28 April 1951 to 6 June 1951; Turner & Newall
Papers 104/1080-1101, Manchester Metropolitan University. For the history of the Turner & Newall
Company in England see Tweedale, Op Cit.
78
We had to dig deep; working in the orchard. I had three
years school. That’s all I had there. I had to go home and
look after youngest ones and mum had to… do the work
[on the farm].
45
In northern Italy women who did not find employment in their villages as domestics for
the wealthy migrated. They moved to the larger Italian cities to work for the wealthy as
servants or went to Switzerland as cleaners in hospital and hotel laundries. In the 1940s, with
the help of her older sister, Lina Tagliaferri found work as a domestic with a Milanese
lawyer’s family. During the World War 2 bombings of Milan, Lina did not go to the air raid
shelter. She chose instead to carry on with her domestic tasks. Her employer would have
expected their completion upon her return from the shelter, working into the night if
necessary, while the family slept. She remained with the Milanese family until 1948, when
she went to Samaden, near St Moritz in Switzerland. Lina worked as a cleaner in the town’s
hospital, earning considerably more than she had with the Milanese family. By 1949 she had
married. She and her husband, Beppe, remained in Samaden until his job ended. They then
returned to her husband’s home town of Rovetta, in northern Italy. He subsequently found
work laying sewers in Cormano just outside of Milan. He came home on weekends, and only
met his new-born baby daughter some days after her birth. Anxious to reunite their family,
within two years Lina, her husband, Beppe, and their young daughter went to Australia. Like
Evaristo Scandella, Beppe was among a group of Lombard miners who had been recruited
to work at Wittenoom by the mine’s manager in 1951 (see figure 13).
It was common for families to be separated as men moved away from their villages in
search of work. Nevertheless most found only temporary work in European factories, the
mines of northern Italy, France or Belgium, on the Alpine dam projects and the underground
passes built to link Italy with France, Switzerland and Austria, or in construction in
Switzerland (see figure 11).
Many of those who went to Belgium worked in the coalmines. Prior to their marriage,
Lina Tagliaferri’s husband, Beppe, had worked there too. To escape the shocking conditions,
his mother invented a plausible reason for his early return. Rosa Tamburri’s story of her
father’s work experience in the Belgium mines sheds light on Beppe’s likely reason for
45
Interview with Rosa Tamburri, Perth, October 2009.
79
wanting to leave so quickly. It also explains il signor D’Uva’s (Rosa’s father) preference for
Australia, despite the improvement in his family’s economic situation after the war. Ironically,
all but one of his five children would work in Wittenoom.
Rosa recalled:
[In] 1946, he went to Belgium. He stayed there till 1950
and in 1951 he came to Australia. He used to come
[home] every six months. He used to bring us chocolate
and clothes. Also he earned the good money there. So
we really after that we weren’t suffering with food and
everything else… I was only… 10, 12. So my dad he
said, “If I cannot go to Australia, I have to take my family
to Belgium”, because we were allowed to go there. But
because he had sons, before they have a job outside in
Belgium, they had to do two years underground. He
didn’t wish that because it was very bad. He said he was
buried two or three times. He was lucky to be alive. They
found him. He said that was very bad work underground.
So that’s why he decided to come to Australia. He paid
two hundred and thirty pound [$460] [for each member of
the family] to come to Australia. In Italy... there was no
future for young ones.
46
The seven D’Uva family members’ journey to come to Australia was expensive,
hence their arrival in stages. Rosa’s father and brother arrived in Australia first, working for
three years to pay for the other family members’ passage to Australia. It begs the question:
Why did they not take up the Assisted Passage Scheme signed in 1951 between Australia
and Italy which guaranteed migrants work for two years and financial support for the voyage?
According to an Australian government report on immigration published in 2001, of the nearly
500,000 Italians who came to Australia looking for work only 42,000 took up the offer of an
assisted passage.
47
It is difficult to understand why unemployed Italians desperate to find a
job would opt to pay £230 per person, instead of taking advantage of the Assisted Passage
Scheme. Bosworth sheds some light on the selection process:
[Italian]Migrants were to be given scrupulous health
checks (preferably by Australian doctors), and all political
extremists were to be ‘weeded out’… in November 1951,
the Australian foreign minister, R. G. Casey… was
upbraided by… the Italian under-secretary of State for
foreign affairs, who claimed that, of 8191 applicants for
assisted migration, only 62 had survived Australian
screening procedures and 47 were on the high seas.
48
46
Interview with Rosa Tamburri, Perth, October 2009.
47
Immigration and Multicultural Affairs (2001); 'Immigration: Federation to Century's End 1901-2000',
Department of Immigration and Multicultural Affairs, Statistics Section, (Belconnen: Commonwealth of
Australia), p. 36.
48
Bosworth, Op Cit. p. 614.
80
In comparison, between 1946 and 1971, one million Anglo migrants arrived on free or
assisted passage, as British ex-servicemen, selected civilians and their dependents.
49
Several participants’ stories refer to their time in France. Some had gone there in the
1920s as children accompanying their parents. I noted earlier in this chapter that Attilio
Oprandi went to France as a child with his parents and two siblings. Had it not been for the
deaths of his parents and grandparent in a relatively short period of time, he may never have
returned to Italy or come to Australia. By 1951 his circumstances had changed yet again. He
was now married, with a child about to be born when Wittenoom’s manager, Paul Reagan,
arrived with an offer of work. Attilio, with his new responsibilities and in search of secure and
well-paid work, accepted. He left his wife, Caterina, and one day old son, Francesco, in the
village. His work experiences in Italy in the mines close to his home in the Seriana valley and
in the construction of one of the Alpine underground passes proved ideal as a miner at
Wittenoom (see figure 12).
Giulio Santini, Umberto Favero and Bruno Giannasi also worked France. Their desire
for permanent work, more money, adventure, or simply the arrival of the Australian
government’s approval of their immigration application prompted their decision to go to
Australia. In the late 1950s, leaving his young family in Tuscany, Bruno Giannasi had gone to
Moselle on the Franco-German border where he had found low paying factory work. He
remained there until 1960, when an Australian government letter informed him of his
successful immigration application. Umberto Favero, home from France to spend Christmas
with family in his town of Tarzo in the Veneto region, read about work in Australia. He applied
and was accepted. Umberto’s story is typical of many young men of the 1950s and 60s.
In Italy, you were always looking for work. You went
round to the different companies. There were those who
would say: I'll give you work for two weeks, three weeks
and then it finished. On the farms yes [it was permanent]
but the farms didn't pay you much money. And they had
a request for workers [in France] for bricklayers. So I put
in an application and in three or four weeks, they asked
me if I wanted to go to Paris — in 1957. I did three and a
half years in France. Then I returned to Italy for holidays
at Christmas. And I saw at the municipal offices there
49
Immigration and Multicultural Affairs (2001), 'Immigration: Federation to Century's End 1901-2000';
Department of Immigration and Multicultural Affairs, Statistics Section (Belconnen: Commonwealth of
Australia), p. 33.
81
were offers to go to Australia. I said, “I'll put my name
down. If I'm accepted before I go back to France, I'll go to
Australia; otherwise I'll go back to France”.
50
Giulio Santini could find only temporary work in France. His desire to go to Canada —
sparked by his father’s stories of his time there during the 1920s, rather than the ten years he
had spent in Australia in the 1930s — waned with his older brother’s immigration to Australia.
I left school at about 16. I had la scuola media, like high
school here in Australia. I could get a good job when I
finished school but I preferred to go round Europe for a
while. I was in Alainscours, in the Sommes, north of
France and I was in Lyons for another three months and
then I was in Paris for a while. And I work on one of those
chrome factories. I [had] been up there from 1956 to
1959… It wasn’t continuous work. [It] was six months,
then three months home and six months… Up and
down… I decided to come in Australia. My father…
wanted to come back in Australia in 1949… my brother
said: “No, I will go in Australia”… I [came to] see my
brother which that was in 1959. Ten years after my
brother came out. And I met my wife and that’s it!!!
51
The theme of absent husbands and fathers was common in participants’ stories. A
husband’s decision to migrate separated many families; one wife went so far as to describe
herself as a widow. Once existing funds were exhausted, wives had to rely on their extended
family and their own devices. Lina Tagliaferri described her life after her husband’s departure
for Wittenoom:
When my husband came to Australia, I was left there with
ten thousand lire. Five thousand I spent on firewood. It
was December…and then my daughter got tonsillitis.
[With] the doctor[‘s bills] that money finished quickly. Ho
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