Samarkand state institute of foreign languages the faculty of english philology and translation studies the chair of translation theory and practice

Conclusion on the Chapter I.
Official documents are written in a formal, “cold” or matter-of-fact style of speech. The style of official documents or ‘officialese’ as it is sometimes called, is not homogeneous.
The lexicon of the standard documents consists of common words and great many of the special terms, which cannot be found out in the ordinary dictionary.
The greatest difficulty for understanding and translation is represented by the terms consisting not of one word, but from group of words. Disclosure of their meanings requires (demands) particular sequence of operations and knowledge of a method of translation of separate components. It is possible to recommend to start translation from the last word. Then under the order on the right to the left to translate words, facing to it, taking into account the semantic relations between the components.
The translation of standard documents shall give an exact meaning of the source text. Some deviations can be made due to the peculiarities of target language or stylistic issue. It is very important to prevent the loss of meaningful information contained in the source text.


Chapter II. Lexico-grammatical and stylistic features of the translation of official documents.
2.1 Lexical and grammatical features of texts of official documents and methods of their translation.
In the language of official documents, terms and professionalisms are widely used in accordance with the subject and content of official documents. First of all, these are legal, diplomatic and accounting terms (import, contract, business proposal, demand etc.). Non - terminological words are also used, which are used mainly in administrative and clerical speech (duly, properly, above stated, present, hereby etc.). Characteristically, also in the consumption of clerical stamps, reproduced lexical and phraseological units, which correlate with frequently repeated situations, common concepts (within reporting period, taking into account, it has been issued to submit ..., as discussed ...) [7, 120].
In business correspondence, nouns are also used - the names of people on the basis of some action or relationship (contractor, designer, customer, etc.); with false denominative prepositions expressing standard aspects of content (due to, with regard to, in connections with etc.).
Set phrases of an attribute-nominal type with coloring of official business style (authorized bodies established _ order, preliminary approval) and "split" predicates (render assistance, to make reconstruction, to make changes) in contrast to their parallel verb forms (assist, reconstruct, change) also characterize the business style of correspondence.
The use of neologisms, the so-called special terms and abbreviations, which abound in business communications, is very characteristic of the business language.
The following vocabulary can be attributed to neologisms. Firstly, neologisms are usually understood as words or phrases that have arisen to denote a new (previously unknown) object or phenomenon or to express a new concept and have entered the general literary language. Secondly, neologisms include words and expressions that have not yet received recognition in the general literary language.
The appearance of neologisms, for example, in the language of the press, as well as in other "languages" is a consequence of various changes in the life of society in the field of politics, economics, and culture. There are two categories of neologisms: new words and new meanings that appeared in the "old" lexical units.
Since the trade world is creating most goal, neologisms show up, to begin with of all, and most frequently in commerce discourse. In this respect,bothcategories display certain challenges for interpreters. Regularly such words and implications cannot be found in Russian-English lexicons and indeed within the most recent informative word references, since any dictionary slacks behind within the field of enlistment of modern words and implications, at slightest for a few a long time.
The appearance of neologisms in dictionaries is delayed by their temporary, fleeting existence in the language. Neologisms, like many figurative words and phrases, especially in the field of newspaper journalism, are born quickly and unexpectedly and are used when describing something for this particular case.
Thus, a distinctive feature of neologisms is their occasional character, that is, their use does not correspond to standard use.
lexical unit as a house of life, as an institution in the service sector, entered the Russian language. Despite the fact that this combination has been used in the language for several years, it is relatively new for the translator. How should it be translated into English? To do this, it is necessary, first of all, to clarify for yourself what is meant by the combination of a house of life [9, 199].
It turns out that this is nothing more than a public service point. Therefore, for example, such translation options can be proposed: a house of public amenities and services, public service establishment, consumer service, communal service, etc. The presence of a number of possible solutions just shows that this expression is all still retains an occasional character and has not yet become the norm. New developments such as an at -your-service agency, a brownie, a house management committee, a holiday home / centre, an Internet bank, etc. have long been firmly included in the dictionary of the Russian language and are no longer neologisms;
The same applies to translation from a foreign language into a native one. For example, in the English language, only in recent years, many neologisms with the element in have been born: live-in, eat-in, love-in, lock-in, camp-in, mail-in, sit-in, teach-in, pray- in, talk-in; in-crowd, in-depth, in-company, in-cap, in-jargon, in-language, in-thing, in-word; with mini- and maxi- prefixes: minimarket, miniboom, minicomputer, minicruise, minidose, minisurvey, maxicoat, maxidress, maxilength, maxi-shorts, maxi-order, maxi-ta23i, etc. It is impossible to find many of these words in dictionaries, since they are born much faster than dictionaries are updated.
FL units that do not have regular correspondences in the target language are called non- equivalent.
Non-equivalent vocabulary is found mainly among neologisms, among words that name specific concepts and national realities, and among little-known names and titles for which it is necessary to create occasional correspondences in the translation process. These are the English words conservatrolist, baby-sitter, backlog, etc.
Non-equivalent grammatical units can be both separate morphological forms (gerund) and parts of speech (article), and syntactic structures (absolute constructions). Like correspondences, non-equivalent units are revealed only in relation to one of the pair of analyzed languages. A unit of a foreign language that is not equivalent in relation to a given TL can have regular correspondences in other languages.
The presence of non-equivalent units does not mean that their meaning cannot be translated or that they are translated with less accuracy than units that have direct correspondences. We have already seen that correspondences can only partially coincide in meaning with the unit being translated, and that contextual substitutions are often used in translation even in the presence of regular correspondences. Similarly, when translating a non-equivalent unit, the translator in one way or another creates an occasional correspondence.
In the field of translation of non-equivalent vocabulary, the following types of occasional correspondences are used:
1) Correspondence-borrowing, reproducing in the TL the form of a foreign word: tribalism - tribalism; know-how - know-how; impeachment - impeachment. Such matches are created using translation transcription or transliteration. In many cases, occasional correspondences created in this way can be fixed in the TL and used regularly in the translation of the corresponding words. Such, for example, are the Russian correspondences to the English words Wall Street - Wall Street and many others.
2) Correspondence-tracing paper, reproducing the morphemic composition of a word or components of a stable phrase in a foreign language: brain drain - brain drain; work-to-rule - work (strictly) according to the rules; people of good will - people of good will . And in this case, the distinction between occasional and regular correspondences is often temporary. Many correspondences created by tracing are widely used in translation practice, and then begin to be used in non-translated materials in TL. As a result, the corresponding units of the FL leave the category of non-equivalent ones, acquiring permanent correspondences.
3) Correspondences-analogues, created by finding the nearest unit of PY for a non-equivalent unit of IA: afternoon - evening . As in many other cases of using occasional correspondences, the similarity between the meanings of equivalent units in the original and the translation is far from complete, and such a translation is applicable only in a certain context. Witchhunter is not just an obscurantist, but an American reactionary, an organizer of the persecution of progressive individuals, a witch hunter . For a general description of people of this type, obscurantism is a sufficient correspondence, in other cases a descriptive translation or tracing paper will be used. Afternoon, of course, is not evening, because there is still evening, this is the second half of the afternoon in the afternoon, but if the conference participants hold two meetings a day - morning session and afternoon session, then in Russian they will be called afternoon and evening .
4) Correspondence-lexical substitutions created when conveying the meaning of a non-equivalent word in context using one of the types of translation transformations that linguistic theory uses when describing the translation process. In this case, occasional correspondence is created by semantic transformations of the meaning of a non-equivalent word. So, when translating into Russian in various cases English exposure, which does not have a direct correspondence, for example, in the sentence He died of exposure, depending on the broad context, transformations of concretization or modulation (semantic development) can be used: He died of a cold; He died from sunstroke; He froze in the snow, etc.
5) If it is impossible to create a match using the above methods, to translate a non-equivalent word, a description is used that reveals the meaning of a non-equivalent word using an expanded phrase: landslide - victory in elections by an overwhelming majority of votes; coroner - an investigator conducting an inquiry in the event of a violent or sudden death . Often, the use of transcription or tracing paper to translate a non-equivalent word is accompanied by a description of the meaning of this word in a special note or footnote. This makes it possible to combine the brevity and parsimony of the means of expression inherent in transcription and tracing, while ensuring a complete understanding of occasional correspondence by the Translation Receptor. Having once explained the meaning of the unit being translated, the translator can then use transcription or tracing paper without explanation.
Thus, the meanings of non-equivalent words in specific contexts are transmitted using these methods just as successfully as the meanings of words that have constant or variant correspondences.
When translating official documents, the existence of non-equivalent grammatical units in a foreign language does not cause any particular difficulties in translating. The choice of grammatical form in translation depends not only and not so much on the grammatical form of the original, but on its lexical content, i.e. on the nature and meaning of lexical units that receive a certain grammatical design in the utterance. Differences in such design, as a rule, are not an obstacle to establishing equivalence relations between statements in the original and in translation.