Lexico-semantic features of the formal written communication in the commercial sphere

Lexico-semantic features of the formal written communication in the COMMERCIAL sphere
Annotation: In this article, the lexical-semantic features of formal written communication in the field of business and the phraseology of the Formal Business Style are also distinguished by their specific features. Figurative expressions, abbreviated stylistic color twists, and speech styles are given.
Keywords: Lexico-semantic, features, COMMERCIAL, sphere, laws, decrees, orders, instructions, contracts, agreements, orders, texts of acts, business correspondence of institutions, as well as in legal documents.
Lexical semantics (also known as lexicosemantics) is a subfield of linguistic semantics. Analytical units in lexical semantics are lexical units that contain not only words but also sub-words or sub-units such as. affixes and even compound words and phrases. Lexical units include the catalog of words in the language, the lexicon. Lexical semantics considers the meaning of lexical units or how they relate to the structure of language syntax. This is called a syntactic-semantic interface. [1]
Learning lexical semantics:
• Classification and breakdown of lexical items
• Differences and similarities in lexical semantic structure are interlinguistic
• The relationship of lexical meaning to the meaning of sentence and syntax.
Lexical units, also called syntactic atoms, can be separate, such as parts of root words or compound words, or they can be added to other units, such as prefixes and suffixes. The first is called free morphemes and the second is linked morphemes. [2] They fall within a narrow range of meanings (semantic fields) and can merge with each other to form new denotations.
In a number of book styles, the formal business style is most clearly described. It serves legal and administrative activities in communication in public institutions, courts, business and diplomatic negotiations: business speech provides a range of functions in the field of formal business relations and law and policy. Formal work style is carried out in the texts of laws, decrees, orders, instructions, contracts, agreements, orders, acts, business correspondence of institutions, as well as in legal documents and others. Although this style is undergoing significant changes under the influence of socio-historical shifts in society, it is distinguished among other functional varieties of language by its stability, tradition, isolation and standardization. The authors of the textbook "Russian speech culture" emphasize: "Business style is a set of linguistic tools, the task of which is to serve the field of formal business relations, ie. Between government agencies, between organizations or they within, between organizations and individuals in their production, economic, and legal activities. " And then: “The breadth of this field allows us to distinguish at least three sub-styles (varieties) of business style: 1) proper formal work (clerical); 2) legal (language of laws and decisions); 3) diplomatic ".
Standardization of business speech (primarily public language standard documents) ¾ is one of the most noticeable features of a formal business style. The standardization process is developing in two main directions: a) extensive use of ready-made, already established verbal formulas, stencils, stamps (e.g., standard syntactic models with insulting excuses for purposes, relevance, conformity, etc.). ., this is natural because it significantly simplifies and simplifies the process of compiling standard texts of working documents), b) in the frequent repetition of the same words, forms, phrases, structures, in the pursuit of the same type. in the same type of situation, the means of expressing opinions in refusing to use language.
Its phraseological process is closely related to the process of standardizing work speech. This can be seen in the examples of the use of verbominas (verb phrases) in many documents that have become a universal tool in the working language and are often used instead of parallel verb forms: help (instead of help) , repair (instead of repair), investigation (instead of inspection), etc. Verbonomants are widely used in the working language, as their use becomes mandatory in some cases (it is impossible to say otherwise): to allow marriage, to commit a crime, to perform duties, to hold office, to establish responsibility. Their meaning may not match the meaning of parallel verbs: the combination of holding a race is not the same as the verb to compete. Verbonomants not only name actions, but also represent certain additional semantic shadows, clearly qualifying certain events. For example, follow the terminological phrase ¾, which is the official name for a specific type of traffic accident. Other features of a formal business style (other than standardization) are clarity, imperative, objectivity and documentary, concreteness, formality, brevity.
The linguistic means of the formal business style form a relatively closed system, based on three levels of specific units: lexical, morphological, and syntactic.
At the lexical level, in addition to general and neutral words, the following can be distinguished: a) words and phrases that are mainly used in official documents and used in administrative and office speech (correct, correct settings, above, undersigned, unfulfilled, forward., transferor, guarantor, protects rights and freedoms, ensures equality, etc.); b) terms, professional skills and terminology related to the content of official documents (the most common terms are legal, diplomatic, accounting: act, collection, legislation, defendant, recall (ambassador), ratification, application transmitter, etc.).
Many words with a variety of formal-business style form antonymous pairs: plaintiff ¾ defendant, democracy ¾ dictatorship, punished ¾ justified, aggravating ¾ mitigating (situations), and so on.
In regulating the approach to terminology, they began to distinguish two concepts - terms: “dictionary with the color of the formal style of work” and “clericalism”. The first name reflects the place of the relevant words in the general system of literary language, their functional and stylistic coloring. For example, the recipient (this) or the correct, unauthorized, signed, compensation, appeal, collection, identification, higher, etc. lexical units. functional color should be considered in business documents. The second name, “clericalism,” may refer to the same lexical units, but only if they are used involuntarily with another in the text. stylistic coloring, for example, in journalistic or conversational style, ie. in cases of functional unreasonable transfer. For example, in N. Kislik’s poem we read: "I am writing you all.. I downloaded the communication service to my throat ...". The phrase “communication service” can be associated with clericalism (although the stylistic function is a literary text in that it performs a specific function). In the lexical system of the formal-business style, not clericalisms, but words with a diversity of the formal-business style work. The peculiarity of the lexical system of the formal-business style, as well as the presence of archaisms and historisms often used in the nominative function (for example, in the texts of diplomatic documents - a guarantee of respect, that is, so, this, Your Excellency, His Holiness, etc. ). In this style, jargon, colloquial words, dialectisms, words with emotional and expressive color are completely absent. Complex abbreviated elephants are often used here, abbreviated names of various organizations and institutions (ZhREO, ZhES, research institute, Central design bureau, KTS, Labor code, student council, trade union committee, shop committee etc.).
The phraseology of the formal business style is also distinguished by its distinctive features. There are no figurative expressions, twists with abbreviated stylistic color, and so on. On the other hand, stylistically neutral and inter-stylistic phraseological units are very widely expressed (meaning, role-playing, position-taking, scale-taking, damage, placement, etc.). There is also the frequent use of expressions related to evaluation, but without any expression: to be, to be on the level of something; set; common place etc. In formal-business style, frequency is the standard deviation of speech of a stable nature, including abusive prepositions that indicate the nature of the motivation of actions associated with instruction, stay, order (respectively). Ministry, department, management), in accordance with the agreement reached (agreement), the order of technical (material, production) assistance, etc. In the language of official documents, they perform the same function as fixed combinations such as recording, accounting, and recording. A distinctive feature of this method is the operation of attributive-nominal expressions such as conviction, writ of execution, disciplinary sanctions, acquittal, preliminary investigation, cassation appeal, higher authorities, established procedure.
It is also worth noting the purely personalized feature of the formal business style. In work texts, the same name can also be repeated in neighboring sentences and is not replaced by a diamond. Such use in colloquial speech or in a literary text is described as tautology (unreasonable repetition of the same word). In a formal business style, such iterations have functional conditions because they can be used to avoid misinterpretation. For example:
The territory of the Republic of Belarus is a natural state, the existence and spatial boundaries of self-determination of the people, the basis of its well-being and the sovereignty of the Republic of Belarus.
The territory of Belarus is united and inseparable.
The territory is divided into provinces, districts, cities and other administrative-territorial units. The administrative-territorial division of the state is determined by legislation (Constitution of the Republic of Belarus, Article 9).
In the formal working method, horses are widely used to name people according to their actions or attitudes: adoptive parent, employer, plaintiff, defendant, witness, tenant, applicant, and so on. In this style, the use of names denoting positions and titles is possible only in the male form: police officer Lavrenova, witness Vilchinskaya, applicant Fedorova, and others. A striking feature of the formal business style is the use of abusive prepositions in it: purpose, purpose, part, subject, name, course, etc. (according to the scientific, technical plan). and cultural cooperation, in order to improve the teaching of the Russian language in higher education; in case of non-compliance with the decision of the commission by the administration; higher authorities in the order of subordination; if the excuses are acknowledged). It is used with the suffix to indicate cause and effect: for family reasons, for illness, for good reason, and so on. To indicate the term, prefixes from to-are usually used, not ¾: from 1983 to 1989 (and not: from 1983 to 1989). Formal business style numbers are written in numbers, with the exception of monetary documents such as invoices, power of attorney, receipts, and so on.
Conclusion
Intentional orientation of business discourse and speech acts peculiar to it. Consideration of business discourse as speech activity makes it possible to
relate it to the genre of public political speech, with its characteristic intentional orientation and speech acts.
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