science with. telepathy— an idea about which I will say more later.^ Telepathy
does have certain advantages, especially that o f estrangement. Omniscience
may have become too familiar for us to think shrewdly about it.
The basis o f omniscience appears to be the frequently articulated
analogy between God and the author: the author creates the world o f the
novel as God created our world, and just as the world holds no secrets for
God, so the novelist knows everything that is to be known about the world
2. Woolf to Vanessa Bell, Feb. 11, 1928. Virginia Woolf, The Letters o f Vir
ginia Woolf, ed. Nigel Nicholson and Joanne Trautmann, 6 vols. (New York; Har-
court Brace, 1975-80), 3:457-58.
3. Wallace Martin, Recent Theories o f Narrative (Ithaca, NY: Cornell Uni
versity Press, 1986), 146.
4. I am greatly indebted to Nicholas Royle for sending me a draft of a chap
ter of this book, “The ‘Telepathy Effect: Notes Toward a Reconsideration of Nar
rative Fiction,” which, in juxtaposing my own unthinking use of the term omni
science wit\x my call for literary studies to take a critical attitude to religious themes
and presuppositions, prompted me to take up this topic.
of the novel. This is all very well, but if, for instance, we do not believe
in an omniscient and omnipotent God, then we cannot draw on what we
know o f God to illuminate properties o f narrative. Even if we believe in
God, there is precious little knowledge about him on which to rely. If you
look into theological discussions o f omniscience, you will quickly be dis
suaded o f any idea that God’s omniscience could serve as a useful model for
omniscience in narration, for discussions o f divine omniscience are gener
ally based on what is called “Perfect Being Theology.” God is by definition
perfect, and since to lack knowledge o f any kind would be to fall short o f
perfection, God must be all-knowing. The main problem for theological
discussions o f omniscience, then, becomes whether the perfection o f di
vine omniscience is compatible with free will, both o f which are taken for
granted as necessary and desirable. Since criticism need not presuppose ei
ther the perfection o f the author or the freedom o f characters, it seems un
likely that criticism can learn much from these theological debates.
The fundamental point is that since we do not know whether there
is a God and what he or she might know, divine omniscience is not a mod
el that helps us think about authors or about literary narration. On the
contrary, one could say that the force o f the analogy works the other way:
the example o f the novelist, who creates his or her world, peopling it with
creatures who come to seem to us autonomous and have interesting ad
ventures, helps us to imagine the possibility o f a creator, a god, a sentient
being, as invisible to us as the novelist would be to the characters who exist
in the universe o f the text this god created. Indeed, theologians can draw
on the analogy between the author and God to help explain God. For in
stance, “What it means to say God’s knowledge is the cause o f something is
that God’s thinking has the power to make things exist, rather like Shake
speare’s thinking has the power to make Hamlet exist.”^
One o f the few critics who wholeheartedly approve o f the concept o f
omniscient narration and one who offers an explicit account and defense
o f it is Meir Sternberg. In ExpositionalModes and Temporal Ordering in Tic-
tion he maintains that the author or implied author is omniscient by defi
nition: “Within the limits of the microcosm o f the universe he has himself
created, the author is invariably, divinely omniscient; the common phrase
the omniscient author’ forms, as a matter o f fact, a self-implicative attri-
5.
Katherine Rodgers, Perfect Being Theology (Edinburgh: Edinburgh Uni
versity Press, 2000), 76.
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |