10
, 25). Rorty, on the oth
er hand, faults deconstruction— Paul de Man and Hillis Miller in partic
ular— for refusing to give up the idea that structures are truly in the text
and that deconstructive readings are “coerced by the texts themselves” {10 ,
102-3). Rorty faults deconstruction for maintaining that there are basic
textual structures or mechanisms and that one can find out things about
how a text works. Deconstruction, in his view, is wrong because o f its fail
ure to accept that readers just have different ways o f using texts, none of
which tell you something “more basic” about the text. He thus faults de
construction for failing to be what Eco thinks it is.
In this disagreement— does deconstruction say that a text means
what a reader wants it to mean, or does it say that it has structures that
have to be discovered?— Rorty is more nearly right than Eco. His account,
at least, helps to explain how deconstruction could claim that a text might
undermine categories or disrupt expectations. Eco has doubtless been mis
led by his concern with limits or boundaries. His theory o f interpretation
leads him to say that texts give a great deal o f scope to readers but that
there are limits. His Tanner lectures, when they are not happily expound
ing aberrant interpretations, try to draw lines, hoping to find some limits.
But what if this is the wrong way o f conceiving the situation? Rorty,
more sensibly, does not imagine that there are limits to interpretation but
supposes, rather, that if I want to have a chance o f convincing others, a
chance o f making my interpretation plausible, I will have to do various
things, such as account for as much o f the text as possible rather than just
focus on one or two lines, and so on. There is no boundary surrounding
proper interpretation and separating it from overinterpretation or aberrant
interpretation; rather, there are discursive practices that can establish rel
evance and persuade others. Here deconstruction is with Rorty rather than
with Eco. Deconstructive readings find that meaning is context bound—
a function o f relations within or between texts— but that context itself is
boundless: there will always be new contextual possibilities that can be ad
duced, so the one thing we cannot do is set limits. Generally, o f course, we
do imagine that there are limits. Wittgenstein asks, “Can I say ‘Bububu’
and mean, if it does not rain I shall go out for a walk?” And he replies, “ [I]t
is only in a language that one can mean something by s o m e t h i n g . T h i s
aphorism may appear to establish limits, suggesting that “ Bububu” could
never mean this, unless the language were different; but in fact the way in
which language works, especially literary language, prevents this establish
ment o f a limit or boundary. Once Wittgenstein has produced this posit
ing o f a limit, it becomes possible in certain contexts— in the corridor o f a
philosophy department, for example— to say “Bububu” and at least allude
to the possibility that if it does not rain, one might go for a walk. But this
lack o f limits to semiosis does not mean, as Eco seems to fear, that mean
ing is the free creation o f the reader. It shows, rather, that describable se-
miotic mechanisms function in recursive ways, the limits o f which cannot
be identified in advance.
In his critique o f deconstruction for its failure to become a happy
pragmatics, Rorty suggests that de Man believes philosophy “can lay down
guidelines for literary interpretation” {
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