T H E L IT E R A R Y IN T H E O R Y
Jonathan Culler
S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y P R E S S
S T A N F O R D , C A L I F O R N I A
2007
Stanford University Press
Stanford, California
© 2007 by the Board o f Trustees o f the Leland Stanford Junior University.
All rights reserved.
No part o f this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any
means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or in any
information storage or retrieval system without the prior written permission o f
Stanford University Press.
Printed in the United States o f America on acid-free, archival-quality paper
Library o f Congress Cataioging-in-Publication Data
Culler, Jonathan D.
The literary in theory / Jonathan Culler.
p.
cm.— (Cultural memory in the present)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISB N -io: 0-8047-5373-3 (cloth : alk. paper)
ISB N -io: 0-8047-5374-1 (pbk. : alk. paper)
ISBN -13; 978-0-8047-5373-9 (cloth : alk. paper)
ISBN -13: 978-0-8047-5374-6 (pbk. : alk. paper)
I.
Literature— History and criticism— Theory, etc.
2. Criticism.
I. Tide.
PN441.C85 2006
801’ .95---dc22
2006017967
Contents
Introduction
T H E O R Y
1 The Literary in Theory
2 The Novel and the Nation
3 Resisting Theory
IX
23
43
73
C O N C E P T S
4 Text: Its Vicissitudes
5 The Sign: Saussure and Derrida on Arbitrariness
6 The Performative
7 Interpretation: Defending “ Overinterpretation”
8 Omniscience
99
117
137
166
183
C R I T I C A L P R A C T I C E S
9 Bad Writing and Good Philosophy
10 Writing Criticism
11 Doing Cultural Studies
12 Comparative Literature, at Last
Abbreviations and Short Titles
Sources
Index
205
222
240
254
2бр
271
273
Introduction
Theory is dead, we are told. In recent years newspapers and maga
zines seem to have delighted in announcing the death o f theory, and aca
demic publications have joined the chorus. Articles on “the end of high
theory” and books with titles such as After Theory, Life After Theory, What’s
Left o f Theory, and Reading After Theory are endemic, with only the occa
sional optimistic title: The Future o f Theory or Theory Matters. Declara
tions o f the death o f theory have long been attempts by opponents to bring
about, performatively, the demise they purport to describe, but such titles
do not come only from opponents o f theory. Since the activities that have
come to answer to the nickname theory are no longer the latest thing in the
humanities, theorists themselves, not wanting to be left behind defending
something thought to belong to the past, have been swift to write about
theory after theory, post-theory, and so on. This American penchant—
“Everything’s up to date in Kansas City”— marked even the heyday o f so-
called high theory, when no sooner had the arrival o f structuralism been
noted by American scholars than theorists who had been major representa
tives o f structuralism— Barthes, Lacan, Foucault— were deemed postsxxwc-
turalists so that they could represent something newer still. ^
I.
O f course, this renaming also had a good deal to do with the fact that the
most visible early event in the introduction of these structuralist thinkers to the
United States, the 1966 conference at Johns Hopkins, “The Languages of Criti
cism and the Sciences of Man,” ended up featuring the critique of Levi-Strauss’s
conception of structure by the previously unknown Jacques Derrida. Lévi-Strauss,
therefore, did not make it into poststructuraiism, but Barthes and Lacan (both
present at that conference) certainly did.