mental for theory is the idea that language is not a nomenclature: it ar
ticulates the world rather than simply representing what is already given;
oretical enterprise o f recent years has been Derridas critique o f Saussure,
the analysis o f Saussure and his theory o f the sign as complicitous with
gram o f systematic allure from the critique o f its possibility. Revisiting this
encounter, and drawing on the students’ notes used in constructing the
and Saussure, after all. Above all, though, I argue that Saussure’s account
o f the arbitrary nature o f the sign needs to be linked to his claim— never
Derrida, migrating to literary studies but linking the literary and the po
litical in Derrida and de Man, and providing the basis for rethinking sexu-
aUty and identity categories in Judith Butler. Discussion o f the fortunes of
the performative explores not just the major differences between Austin’s
and Butler’s versions and uses o f the concept but also the impact o f the
implicit reference to theatrical performance. The performative, partly be
cause o f the complexity its history gives it, poses important questions for
theory and to theory today. Further elaboration o f aspects o f performativ-
iry is likely to be a very active strain o f the literary in theory.
The topic o f the next chapter, on the other hand, seems wholly tradi
tional— not the cutting edge o f theory at all. Chapter 7 takes up in a new
context the question o f interpretation, which so far in this book has been
opposed to poetics. Invited to respond to three lectures by Umberto Eco
on the topic o f interpretation and overinterpretation, I accepted the task
that was obviously expected o f me as an expounder o f deconstruction: to
defend what Eco called “overinterpretation.”
Now Eco’s is a very interesting case, for this early champion o f semi
otics, holder o f “the first chair o f semiotics,” as we used to say, not knowing
that it might also be one o f the last, was strongly committed, as a semioti-
cian, to the elaboration o f models o f sign systems and to the theorization
o f the functioning o f literature— thus to poetics rather than hermeneutics.
His early L ’Opera aperta, articulating a distinction between open works
(which solicit the collaboration o f the reader) and closed w o rb (which
are more univocal), contributed to such a poetics, and one would expect
him to be interested in the structure o f interpretive systems rather than
in correct interpretation. What should one make, then, o f Eco’s lectures,
which develop a contrast between good and bad interpretation? In fact, he
seems more engaged by interpretive practices o f “overinterpretation” than
by sound, moderate interpretation. And his own celebrated novels, espe
cially The Name o f the Rose and Foucault’s Pendulum, show great fascina
tion in chronicling the aberrant, obsessional, passion-driven interpretation
o f his characters and compel readers to take such an interest. This discrep
ancy between what Eco preaches and what he practices may carry a lesson
about interpretation in general.
Chapter 8 is no doubt the purest venture into literary theory and po
etics proper in this book: returning to narratology, once a very active struc
turalist enterprise, I take up a prenarratological category that has general
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