always critical and, in a sense, literary— attuned to their rhetorical strate
pretation. But it is certainly true that he does not believe that philosophy
tional philosophical distinctions prove ubiquitous, turning up repeatedly
ognition that the belief one has overcome them once and for all is likely
to be a facile delusion, that give deconstruction a critical edge. These hi
erarchical oppositions structure concepts o f identity and the fabric o f so
cial and political life, and to believe one has gone beyond them is to risk
well, 1963), 18.
i
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C O N C E P T S
tinctions can be swept away, installing us in a happy monism, where, as
Rorty puts it, “all anybody ever does with anything is use it,” has the vir
tue o f simplicity but the difficulty o f neglecting the sorts o f problems with
which Eco and many others have wrestled, including the question o f how
a text can challenge the conceptual framework with which one attempts to
interpret it. These are problems that will not disappear with the pragma
tist’s injunction not to worry but simply to enjoy interpretation.
Roland Barthes, who was congenitally given to hesitating between
poetics and interpretation, once wrote that those who do not reread con
demn themselves to read the same story everywhere. They recognize
what they already think or know. Barthes’ claim was, in effect, that some
sort o f method for “overinterpretation”— for instance, an arbitrary proce
dure that divided the text up into sequences and required that each be ex
amined closely and its effects spelled out, even if it did not seem to pose
interpretive problems— was a way to make discoveries: discoveries about
the text and about the codes and practices that enable one to play the role
of reader. A method that compels people to puzzle over not just those ele
ments that might seem to resist the totalization o f meaning but also those
about which there might initially seem to be nothing to say has a better
chance o f producing discoveries— though like everything else in life there
is no guarantee here— than a procedure that seeks only to answer those
questions that a text asks its model reader.
At the beginning o f his second lecture Umberto Eco links overinter
pretation to what he called an “excess o f wonder,” an excessive propensity
to treat as significant elements that might be simply fortuitous {10 , 50).
Barthes’ step-by-step analysis o f lexemes o f Balzac’s story, however unim
portant they may seem, might be one version o f this propensity. Excess o f
wonder can masquerade as diligent systematicity. This propensity to puz
zle over elements in a text, which Eco regards as a bad thing, a déformation
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