10
Teaching Aids
In surveying the studies devoted to means of instruction, including
technology, it must be remembered that the revolution in the use of
computers which has taken place over the last two decades was not
predictable. In Volovich’s (1991) work, we read that “it is mainly
printed and audio teaching aids that can become widely used in the
foreseeable future” (p. 28). Of course, no one today is likely to
agree with this statement. Nonetheless, discussion of works that are
obsolete from a technological point of view can also be useful, since
psychological–pedagogical and methodological ideas do not age so
quickly.
Volovich (1991) aims at “raising the effectiveness of instruc-
tion … by promoting pedagogical technologies that facilitate the algo-
rithmization of students’ learning activities” (p. 7). He sees this
approach as a continuation of the approach of Vygotsky, Leontiev,
and Galperin, contrasting it with so-called associationist psychology.
Volovich’s objective is “to determine which specific actions on the
part of students are adequate [for assimilating computational rules
and proving theorems] and to establish mechanisms of assimilation
that are open to psychologists” (p. 15). For example, he claims to
have found algorithmic activities that students must perform while
searching for proofs for theorems and solving problems (deriving
consequences from conditions, for example, is alleged to be such
an activity). Consequently, everything can be reduced to teaching
students to carry out the appropriate algorithms, which is the purpose
of the teaching aids which he recommends. And, first and foremost,
he recommends the so-called print-based notebooks (i.e. printed texts
in which space is left to be filled in by students independently), whose
methodological underpinnings and successful application he discusses
in his conclusion.
Levitas (1991), Volovich’s coauthor on many papers, has con-
ducted a study close to Volovich’s studies in its general theoretical
underpinnings. However, he is concerned to a greater extent with
more concrete questions pertaining to the nomenclature of teaching
aids, their functions, and the methodology of working with them. He
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elaborates on these themes by analyzing the teaching process in schools.
For example, for the formation of mental actions that students must
perform in each concrete case, the students must receive a so-called
orientational basis for action (in other words, information about new
material and assignments that give them the impetus for action). From
this, Levitas concludes that it is necessary to develop teaching aids
capable of conveying such information to the entire class or individually.
The teaching aids that he developed include screen-based, audio, and
special devices and models (including testing devices), among many
others. The means of instruction developed by Levitas and Volovich
were widely used in the USSR.
Konkol (1998) contrasts classic teaching aids, mentioned above,
with modern technological teaching aids — first and foremost, comput-
ers and graphing calculators, which are the focus of his work (completed
in Poland). Noting that classic teaching aids give only a finished
product, while modern teaching aids make it possible to observe the
process of its creation and to experiment, he discusses the methodology
of their use in the formation of mathematical concepts in students’
minds, in the formation of their ability to engage in mathematical
reasoning, in the formation of their ability to solve problems, and in
the formation of the students’ mathematical language. He analyzes
various examples of useful assignments, as well as the methodology of
their selection and use.
The goal of Pozdnyakov’s (1998) study is to develop a conception of
the informational environment of the mathematics education process
and to give a theoretical foundation to the principal developments
in mathematics education technology. Relying on an analysis and
classification of the existing forms of representation of mathematical
knowledge and on the classification of educational environments
associated with the mathematics education process, he developed
a two-tier computer-based technology for modeling the traditional
pedagogical teaching aids in mathematics, as well as a two-parameter
model of the interaction between teacher and student within the
framework of an informational education environment; the parameters
are (1) the means of representing mathematical knowledge and (2) the
teacher’s educational paradigm. The results of Pozdnyakov’s study
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facilitate the identification of possibilities for the efficacious use of
computers in mathematics education. His dissertation was based on his
practical and theoretical work, which he described in numerous pub-
lications, including a monograph, methodological recommendations,
and collections of interactive problems.
A recent work by Ragulina (2008), which reflects her experience in
preparing a large number of teaching manuals, is devoted to the role of
computer technologies in education and to the corresponding prepa-
ration of teachers of mathematics. After concluding theoretically that
the paradigm of subject-based activity has undergone a transformation
in the new information society, she proceeds to describe her vision of
the content of the informational–mathematical and methodological–
technological competence of teachers with a physics–mathematics
orientation. She also develops an educational methodology that is,
in her view, indispensable for the formation of such competence. In
addition, Ragulina offers testing–measuring materials for identifying
competence. She then cites the results of such diagnostic testing in
support of the theoretical model which she has constructed, arguing
that the methodological system which she has formulated facilitates
improvements in the quality of teacher preparation.
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