On Mathematics Education Research in Russia
427
physics textbooks, and A. P. Kiselev, the author of the most popular
mathematics textbooks both from before the Revolution and during
the Soviet period. Both of these individuals were originally from
the Orlov region, where Avdeeva herself works. Consequently, her
dissertation on the one hand describes how the study of the personality
of a famous educator may be structured, both in school and in a
pedagogical institute or university (for example, she provides lesson
plans); on the other hand, it offers a description of the lives and careers
of Kiselev and Krayevich. By studying archival documents, Avdeeva has
been able to establish many of the details of Kiselev’s childhood, such
as the names of his own teachers. She has also succeeded in finding
certain methodological articles by these teachers, which in her view
had an influence on Kiselev.
Kondratieva (2006) sets herself the goal of formulating a “compre-
hensive conception of the development of mathematics education in
Russian schools during the second half of the 19th century” (p. 6).
Her work discusses a great deal of factual material, including archival
data and articles from periodicals published during the period under
investigation. Pointing out that this period witnessed a significant
expansion of the education system, as well as an improvement in the
methodology of the teaching of the mathematical sciences — not to
mention the creation of such a methodology — the author inquires into
the dominant philosophical aspects of these developments. Her view is
that three basic conceptual components may be identified (pp. 15–16):
(1) the recognition of the importance of mathematics as a subject
independent of the general orientation of education (be it classical —
devoting considerable attention to ancient languages — or real school
education); (2) the emphasis placed on general character-building
in the process of mathematics education (Kondratieva mentions the
cultivation of modesty, orderliness, and diligent work habits, as well
as the cultivation of religious feeling); and (3) the notion that the
modernization of school education must be based first and foremost
on Russian research and solutions. In particular, the author mentions
the importance of fighting against “German” influence (a different
perspective on the discussions that took place at that time is presented
in Karp, 2006).
March 9, 2011
15:4
9in x 6in
Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices
b1073-ch10
428
Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices
Kondratieva also analyzes the findings of the methodological science
of that period, identifying what she sees as its main currents and ideas.
In conclusion, she carries out a comparison between the schools of the
second half of the 19th century and the schools of today.
Savvina (2003) has carried out a systematic study of the devel-
opment of the teaching of advanced mathematics (analytic geometry
and calculus) in Russian secondary schools. She has analyzed many
archival materials, including the reports of educational institutions
and their inspectors, class registers, and the dispatches of school
district overseers, as well as contemporaneous periodicals, sources
on the history of specific institutions, school curricula and syllabi,
and textbooks and teaching manuals. The author begins her account
with the 18th century and follows it practically to the present day,
identifying various periods and stages in the teaching of the elements
of advanced mathematics. In the process, Savvina establishes many
concrete historical details and analyzes various approaches employed
in school textbooks and teaching manuals.
Among recent studies that make use of a large number of diverse
primary sources, we should mention the work of Busev (2007, 2009),
which examines mathematics education during the 1920s and 1930s.
Busev devotes particular attention to the discussion of issues connected
with mathematics education in the press and provides a selection of data
about what went on in actual classrooms.
In concluding this section, we should mention two studies whose
subject matter lies at the intersection of mathematics education and
other pedagogical fields. Petrova (2004) has studied the formation of
the system of bilingual education in Yakutia on the example of math-
ematics education. Her work is devoted mainly to bilingual education
and to related general questions, but it also contains sections that are
of interest to the historian of mathematics education. In particular, she
offers a periodization of the development of education in Yakutia and
identifies such important periods as 1918–1923 (when teaching Yaku-
tia students in their native language started) and 1963–1965 (when,
on the contrary, the teaching of mathematics in Yakutia was halted).
The work of Zharov (2002) draws on his experience in teaching
Chinese students at an engineering college in Moscow. He connects his
March 9, 2011
15:4
9in x 6in
Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices
b1073-ch10
On Mathematics Education Research in Russia
429
teaching with an analysis of medieval Chinese mathematics literature,
to which end he in turn “develops and deploys elements of constructive
mathematics (theory of algorithms) in modeling the content of texts”
and so on (p. 7). Consequently, among his principal achievements, the
author mentions that he was “the first to propose the formalization of
scientific–pedagogical texts as a technique” (p. 12), and even claims
that “it is in principle possible to describe the processes of student
learning and thinking in pedagogical practice using the methods of
constructive mathematics” (p. 13). He devotes considerable attention
in his work to assembling different kinds of dictionaries and varieties of
programming languages, which according to him adequately represent
the cognitive processes of the authors of ancient Chinese tractates.
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |