Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices
oral tests would be conducted by the teacher, and then these students
“conducted oral tests” with their classmates. Such an approach was
sufficiently dangerous, since the student conducting a test could turn
out to be someone who mechanically learned material by rote and had
no flexibility as a questioner. In such cases, an oral test could only be
harmful. On the other hand, students from higher grades were not
always able to “come down” to the level of a lower grade. Thus, for
example, if a tenth grade student familiar with derivatives had to test an
eighth grade student on the topic of the “quadratic function” and the
eighth grader had to complete the square in order to find the vertex of
a parabola, the tenth grader, instead of questioning the eighth grader,
might begin explaining to the student how this could be done using
derivatives. Another shortcoming of oral tests of this kind stemmed,
naturally, from the distinctive character of the relationships between
students in the same school and, even more so, within the same class.
The objective of the oral test was also important. If, for example, the
objective was to test how well ninth graders knew all the formulas of
“school trigonometry” (without deriving them), i.e. if the assignment
ruled out any ambiguities and was easy to grade, then students from a
higher grade could handle the responsibility of administering it quite
well. (In Soviet schools, and to a certain extent in Russian schools
today as well, students were not permitted to use any reference books,
notes, tables, calculators, etc., while taking tests. All formulas must be
retained in memory.)
As an example, let us consider two different kinds of oral tests
for a 10th-grade course on three-dimensional geometry. A final oral
test, for instance, may confine itself to testing how well students have
assimilated the course’s basic theorems [the textbook by and Zvavich
(2003) contains 35 such theorems]. For preparation, students are given
a list of all of the course’s theorems in the order in which they were
studied. If in order to pass a given oral test a student must demonstrate
the ability to formulate any formula on this list, make a diagram for
it, write down what is given in the theorem and what must be proven,
then it is perfectly feasible to let the oral test be conducted by 11th
graders who have taken a similar course a year earlier. Such a test
would be useful both to the 10th graders taking it and to the 11th
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graders administering it. On the other hand, if the purpose of the test
is to test the students’ ability to prove these theorems, to test how
deeply they have grasped them, then it is much more advisable to
let professional teachers conduct it, since such a test would demand
of the individual administering it not only sound knowledge but also
flexibility of thought.
The same reasoning may be applied to a thematic oral test: if the
purpose of the test is essentially to check how well the students repro-
duce what they have learned (formulations, definitions, formulas), then
it may be entrusted to 11th graders. However, if its aim is a deeper
assessment, then the oral test ought to be conducted by the teacher,
his or her colleagues or former graduates. As an example of the content
of such a thematic oral test, consider the test conducted by one of the
authors of this chapter for students at the beginning of 10th grade. This
test included several topics studied at the beginning of the course in
three-dimensional geometry — parallel projection, parallel planes, the
angle between two planes, distance in space — as well as review sections
on “quadrilaterals,” a topic studied in eighth grade. To prepare for the
test, students received assignment cards that would be used to conduct
the test. Each assignment card contained two theoretical questions and
two problems. Different approaches are possible here: the theoretical
part, naturally, must be revealed to the students in advance, but the
problems may be revealed either in advance (and thus used to test not
how well the students solve problems, but how well they can explain
their solutions) or on the test itself. The contents of one such card are
reproduced below:
1. Parallel projection. The properties of parallel projection. Orthog-
onal projection and its properties.
2. The properties of a parallelogram.
3. Let the point
K divide side AA
1
of the cube ABCDA
1
B
1
C
1
D
1
into two segments that stand in a relation of 2:1 beginning from
A. Through the point K, trace a section of the cube that is parallel
to the plane
A
1
C
1
D, and construct an orthogonal projection of
this section onto the face ABCD.
4. The bisector of angle
A of the parallelogram ABCD has divided
its side BC in a relation of 3:7 beginning from
B. Find the area
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of the parallelogram if its perimeter is 1 m and one of its angles is
twice as large as another.
To conclude this section, we should note that for convenience of
discussion we are simplifying somewhat the variety of techniques and
formats that are employed for conducting survey tests. In reality, such
tests often make use of a combination of oral and written formats.
For example, first a number of students (six or seven) may be asked
to prove some basic theorems; while they are preparing their answers
on the blackboard, the teacher may ask the other students to provide
various definitions, give various kinds of examples, solve oral problems,
and so forth (in other words, give them assignments that they can do
quickly). After the presentation of the proofs and the discussion of
the students’ answers, which constitute the main part of the test, all
of the students may be asked to prove some theorems or solve some
problems in written form. Such a format, of course, is less effective than
a full-blown oral test for assessing (and stimulating) the development
of students’ ability to express themselves orally, but it can nonetheless
serve this purpose. It can also be organized with relative ease by a
single teacher within the span of two class periods (90 minutes) and
sometimes even one class period.
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