5.4
Individual Written Questioning of the Student
in Class
Traditionally, in Russian (Soviet) schools, lessons began with several
students being called up to the front desks and asked to complete
individual assignments. Usually, the students were given a clean sheet
of paper to write down their answers and another piece of paper with an
assignment. The assignment might be a version of a test on a previously
studied topic, a version of a quiz on a previously studied topic or a topic
currently being studied, a selection of problems or exercises (or even
a single problem) on a given topic, and so on. Students were given a
specific length of time to complete their individual work.
Teachers could make up the material for such assignments them-
selves or take it from published collections for use in schools or for
preparation for college entrance exams [the most widely used among
such collections is probably the problem book by Skanavi, (2006)]. The
assignments could include problems of different levels of difficulty, so
that, for example, each student would initially receive a piece of paper
with one problem of the first level. If the answer obtained by the student
was wrong, the student’s individual sheet of paper would be marked
with a minus sign and the student would be given a different problem,
again of the first level. If the answer was correct, however, then this
student would receive a plus sign and get a problem of the second level,
and so on. This form of individual questioning could occupy an entire
lesson. It is quite productive, but also quite demanding on the teacher,
March 9, 2011
15:4
9in x 6in
Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices
b1073-ch08
Assessment in Mathematics in Russian Schools
355
who must both prepare for such a session and exert himself or herself
during it.
More often, however, teachers have limited themselves to giving
their students a single assignment card, to be completed in 10–15
minutes, i.e. in the time allotted to checking homework assignments,
regular questioning of the students, and so on. Such individual work
with assignment cards enables teachers not only to assess the work
of a larger number of their students, but also to some extent to
achieve differentiation in the classroom. Stronger students receive more
difficult problems while the rest of the class work on ordinary material
(and, conversely, students who are having difficulty with ordinary
assignments might be given material that is not too difficult for them).
The content of a written individual assignment does not necessarily
consist of a set of problems; it might also include theoretical assign-
ments (prove a theorem, provide a list of known propositions on a
given topic, provide a definition, etc.). Other forms of assignments
are described in the literature as well. At one time, assignments that
required students to write out so-called “supporting conspectuses”
were very popular. These conspectuses were invented by V. F. Shatalov
(1979, 1980), a teacher of physics and mathematics, and they contained
brief descriptions — in part graphic and symbolic — of the topics
being covered in class. Every student would have to fill out — and
receive grades for filling out — such conspectuses almost daily, which,
according to Shatalov, ensured that the students would retain what they
had studied and led to the disappearance of twos, and even of threes.
At a certain point, Shatalov even presented his lessons on national
television, which turned out to have positive consequences since it
put an end to the view of Shatalov as a persecuted solitary genius
and allowed educators to examine his methods in a more sober light
(Dadayan et al., 1988).
We should note that the term “questioning” also signifies simply
eliciting students’ opinions, for which no grades are given. The
St. Petersburg teacher A. R. Maizelis (2007), for example, regularly
handed out small pieces of paper during his classes and asked students
to express their opinions about a whole range of questions: his students
would be asked to generalize some observation made during the lesson
March 9, 2011
15:4
9in x 6in
Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices
b1073-ch08
356
Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices
and formulate some theorem, report a mistake they might have noticed,
formulate some hypothesis, or even simply pose a question. Naturally,
in some cases, students would get a five for making an apposite
assertion (or even for posing a good question), but usually the aim
of this exercise was not to produce a formal assessment but to offer
several students simultaneously the opportunity to express their views
in class.
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |