Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices
whole discussion on the concept of mathematical modeling), on the
whole the difference between this textbook and the textbooks used in
ordinary classes is not in the material studied, but in the manner of its
approach. Each chapter contains a relatively long, concluding section
entitled “Read on Your Own,” devoted to the history of mathematics:
here, topics that are completely foreign to the standard curriculum,
from abstract algebra to topology, are mentioned and briefly described;
but this section is purely optional. In general, the material in the
textbook is broken down into three levels: required material, which
it is desirable for all students to learn; more difficult material, which is,
however, offered to all students; and difficult material, which teachers
might not even discuss in class, but simply offer for independent study.
Published along with the textbooks were supplementary manuals,
including problem books (Karp and Werner, 2002b; Karp, Werner,
and Evstafieva, 2003). Both the textbooks and the problem books are
written in a freer style than the one usually used in writing for ordinary
schools, and the set of problems examined in them — including
problems that draw on the humanities — is broader. For example,
the textbook opens with a discussion on the concept of “rightness”
in poetry and architecture, and the mathematical concepts underlying
it. At the same time, the authors strove to write a book that would
support the educational process as it has traditionally developed —
with the formation of certain testable skills (never mind which skills),
with tests, quizes and so on.
While the textbooks of Butuzov et al. (1995, 1996) or Karp and
Werner (2001, 2002a) are intended for three hours of mathematics
per week, the textbook by Bashmakov (2004) is intended for four
or five hours per week, i.e. the same amount as in many classes
that are considered ordinary. Nonetheless, this textbook is intended
for use in one unified course and, above all, is structured in a
fundamentally different way than the textbooks for ordinary schools;
for this reason, we examine it here. It has seven chapters, but their
titles do not always convey a full idea of their content. Along with
Chapter 1, “Around Numbers”; Chapter 3, “Looking at Graphs”; and
Chapter 4, “Learning Logic,” it includes Chapter 5, “Moving Around
a Circle” (devoted to trigonometry); and Chapter 6, “Who’s Faster?”
(about power, exponential, and logarithmic functions). Every chapter
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contains “Lessons” (which may take up several hours) and general
“Conversations”; there are also “Entertaining Pages.”
Below, for example, is the content of Chapter 7 (“Measure Twice”),
which is intended to occupy 40 hours (with 4 hours per week allocated
for mathematics), of which — in the author’s view — 28 hours should
be spent on “Lessons,” 4 on “Conversations,” and the rest on tests
and research work (p. 317):
• Introductory Conversation
• Lesson No. 38: Area
• Lesson No. 39: Volume
• Conversation: Differentiation and Integration
• Lesson No. 40: The Integral and Area
• Lesson No. 41: Measuring Geometric Magnitudes
• Lesson No. 42: Finite Sets
• Lesson No. 43: Probability
• Lesson No. 44: Repeated Trials
• Conversation: Mathematical Expectation
• Entertaining Page: Great Ideas of Great Minds
The author notes:
It would be wrong to imagine that the basic characteristic of this
course is a reduction in the content of the ordinary school curriculum
to the required minimum. On the contrary, it includes many concepts,
facts, and even whole sections that are absent from the standard course
(complex numbers, statistics, probability, quantifiers, interpolation,
etc.). The most important changes are changes in emphasis. (p. 4)
Further, the author stresses that the textbook may be used in
different ways: students can “limit themselves to superficial theoretical
facts” or they can “approach a sufficiently high understanding of the
material.” In conclusion, the author emphasizes that his “book is less
a finished and thoroughly tested course than a guidepost to be used
in the important and difficult work of turning mathematics into a tool
of cultural development, into a part of one’s spiritual life” (p. 4). This
textbook was accompanied by a separate problem book (Bashmakov,
2005).
There is probably no need for the author of this chapter to conceal
the fact that he is, of course, most partial to the textbook of Karp and
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