Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices
without achieving good results. Another distinguishing characteristic
of mathematics schools in our view consisted in the fact that, while
leading mathematicians participated in the creation of mathematics
schools, the scientific community in the humanities (for objective
reasons far weaker than the mathematics community) expressed no
interest in participating in this way; consequently, it seems that the
general level at which the problems of education were conceptualized
and understood was far lower.
In this way, the problem of teaching mathematics to those who do
not plan to study mathematics in the future — a meaningful problem
that deserves attention — was posed under circumstances that were
not particularly favorable. Let us name two more factors that made its
solution difficult.
The first of these was the fact that reducing the technical skills
that students acquired in the course in mathematics (a reduction that
neither could nor should have been avoided) automatically deprived
students in this course of the possibility of entering a technical college
that administered an exam in mathematics (or, more precisely, made it
impossible for them to enter such a college without additional study
outside of school). Fifteen-year-old schoolchildren who had decided,
together with their parents, that they would no longer have to take
exams in mathematics because they were bound, say, for a career in
law, would discover at 17 that, for one reason or another, they did in
fact want to take an exam in mathematics, and a certain disappointment
inevitably ensued.
The second factor was a certain apprehensiveness within the
mathematics community about courses in mathematics for humanities-
oriented students. This apprehensiveness stemmed from many
causes — the transition to a new course always gives rise to apprehen-
sions, because it requires new approaches of teachers. However, at that
time, there were also quite well-founded fears that the entire traditional
course would be eliminated under the banner of humanitarization;
that the three-hour minimum would become the norm; and that
extrapolating the notion that certain trigonometric formulas were
useless for future scholars in the humanities would lead authorities
to conclude that all of trigonometry was useless for everyone and that
algebra and geometry were equally useless.
March 9, 2011
15:3
9in x 6in
Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices
b1073-ch07
Schools with an Advanced Course in Mathematics and Humanities
307
Notwithstanding these considerations, humanities-oriented schools
did exist and a special course in mathematics was developed for them;
some of these courses will be discussed below. While we have no
statistics about the exact number of such schools, we can say that in
St. Petersburg in the mid-1990s, graduates from such schools (classes)
constituted approximately 5%–7% of all graduates from high schools. In
the 1990s, special graduation exams in mathematics for such classes also
appeared, which likewise indicated official recognition of the existence
of this trend in education.
Subsequently, however, the space for such classes narrowed. This
was connected in part with changes in the curriculum that made it much
more natural to teach not one course (which came to be offered in
humanities-oriented classes), but two traditional subjects — “Algebra
and Elementary Calculus” and “Geometry.” But the main reason lay
in the transition to the Uniform State Exam, which is now offered
to all students independently of the type of school that they attend,
and which assumes a relatively high level of technical skill that is
incompatible with what can be achieved in classes using the textbooks
discussed below.
Thus, in our view, it may at present be said that while the history
of mathematics in humanities-oriented schools has not ended, it has at
least been interrupted. Not everyone will agree with this point of view,
however, since among the variety of profile classes that are now coming
into being, there are also classes oriented toward the humanities.
Moreover, there already exist and will continue to appear textbooks
and courses oriented to the ordinary basic course in mathematics, but
stressing, for example, attention to history or art history, and therefore
labeled as humanities-oriented.
Regardless of whether or not we will see a renewal of the teaching of
mathematics in secondary schools in some format that is fundamentally
different from the standard basic course (especially with regard to the
technical skills that students are required to attain), the experience
that we have had with such a form of mathematics education is
important in itself. To some extent, it resembled what occurred in
other countries, for example with the creation of so-called realistic
mathematics (Gravemeijer, 1994), although it also contained many
typically Russian attributes (Karp, 2000).
March 9, 2011
15:3
9in x 6in
Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices
b1073-ch07
308
Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |