6.1
Andrey Kolmogorov’s Textbook
We first refer to the textbook by Kolmogorov et al. (1990), which was
subsequently reissued without any changes that we would consider
fundamental, and which was itself a version of a textbook by the
same authors, Kolmogorov et al. (1977), revised in accordance with
curriculum changes. The textbook discussed here has preserved to the
greatest extent the ideas on which Kolmogorov’s reforms were based.
The distinctive feature of Kolmogorov’s textbooks, in our view, is that
they devote greater attention to explaining concepts than to developing
students’ command of techniques.
The chapter on “Derivatives and Their Applications” opens with a
discussion on the concept of the “change of a function.” The notations
x and f = y are introduced; it is emphasized that for a fixed
value of x, the change f is a function of x. Examples are given of
finding f as a function of x. Students practice solving problems
of this type. Lastly, the textbook examines the geometric and physical
meanings of the ratio
f
x
as the slope of a secant and average velocity.
In this way, the concept of change, which in other approaches is simply
a tool used to define the derivative, acquires here an independent
meaning.
The introduction of the derivative — the central concept of
calculus — is preceded by a discussion on the concept of the tangent.
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It is introduced visually: the tangent is said to be a straight line with
which the graph of a function “practically converges.” It is then argued
that the slope of the tangent is a number to which the slope of the secant
k =
y
x
comes infinitesimally close. The discussion concludes with a
definition of the derivative:
The derivative of a function f at a point x
0
is defined as a number
which the difference quotient
f
x
=
f(x
0
+x)−f(x
0
)
x
approaches when
x approaches zero. (Kolmogorov et al., 1990, p. 103)
Note that neither the word “limit” nor the sign for the limit is used.
In the next paragraph, “The Concept of the Continuity of a Function
and the Passage to the Limit,” the definition of the limit does effectively
appear: “the function f approaches the number L for x that approaches
x
0
if the difference f(x) − L is infinitesimally small, i.e. |f(x) − L|
becomes less than any fixed h > 0 as | x| decreases” (Kolmogorov
et al., 1990, p. 106). The passage to the limit is used in two basic
cases: in finding the derivative and in investigating the continuity of
a function. This concept is also used to prove the continuity of the
function f(x) =
√
x from the definition.
The authors go on to provide rules for finding derivatives; using
the formula for the derivatives of products and quotients, the formula
(x
n
)
= nx
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