Russian Mathematics Education


Elements of Differential and Integral Calculus



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[Mathematics Education 5] Alexander Karp, Bruce R. Vogeli (editors) - Russian Mathematics Education Programs and Practices (Mathematics Education) (2011, World Scientific Publishing Company)

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Elements of Differential and Integral Calculus

In discussing the study of calculus in Russian schools, it must be

emphasized once more that this subject forms a part of the required

course in mathematics for all students. Calculus must be studied by all

students in the higher grades, not just some select group. It should

also be borne in mind that this subject is studied today in 11th or even

10th grade, i.e. by 16–17-year-olds or even 15–16-year-olds. All of

this heightens the tension between the wish to present the material at

a high level of scientific seriousness and the requirement that it remain

accessible to students.

From the point of view of science, calculus rests on a foundation

created by Cauchy and Weierstrass in the 19th century, i.e. on the

theory of real numbers and limits. As is well known, Cauchy’s definition

of the limit (in the language of “ε − δ”) makes it possible to prove the

basic theorems of differential calculus rigorously. At the same time, this

definition is extremely unintuitive and difficult to grasp not only for

schoolchildren but also for certain college students.



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Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices

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Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices

When the elements of calculus were introduced into mass education

during the time of the Kolmogorov reforms, someone may have

believed that the difficulties connected with presenting the definition

of limits were surmountable. Experience, however, forced educators

to recognize that not all (or even almost all) students understand this

definition. This led to the decision, as we have seen, virtually to strike

the concept of the limit of a function off the school curriculum, while

the relatively detailed study of derivatives based on the concept of the

limit, as well as the considerably less detailed study of integrals, were

retained. In this way, the edifice of school calculus must be erected

without a foundation. Below, we will examine how various authors of

textbooks handled this task.




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