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ThE roman EmpIrE
collapse. All evidence of disruption and change in every area of
life is accumulated to demonstrate the severity of the catastrophe;
evidence of continuity or of a lack of drama – for example, the
fact that the vast hordes of barbarians overwhelming the Empire
numbered at the most a few hundred thousand, facing a population
of 60 million or so – is discounted in the face of the assertion that,
like it or not, the Empire did cease to exist.
In the modern discourse, the conflation of empire and culture
serves to compel assent to the former – opposition to Western
hegemony is presented
as opposition to freedom,
democracy,
Shakespeare and so forth – but it also creates the impression that
‘our’ culture is under serious threat from the forces that threaten
the empire, and demands acquiescence in whatever measures are
deemed necessary to protect them. The pervasive analogy with
Rome, and the dominance of the theme of ‘decline and fall’ in
Rome’s image, means that we are presented with Hobson’s choice:
this civilisation, warts and all, or barbarism and darkness. There
is
no realistic alternative; the historical record makes that clear.
Men make their own history, but they do not make it just of their
own free will; not under circumstances chosen by themselves,
but under circumstances directly encountered, given and handed
down. The tradition of all the dead generations weighs like a
nightmare on the brains of the living. And if they nevertheless
seem engaged in revolutionising
themselves and things, in
creating something that has not yet existed, precisely in such
periods of revolutionary crisis they fearfully conjure up the
spirits of the past to their service, borrow from them names,
battle cries and costumes, in order to present the new scene
of world-history in this time-honoured clothing and with this
borrowed language. Thus Luther masked himself as the Apostle
Paul, the Revolution of 1789 to 1814 draped itself alternately as
the Roman republic and the Roman empire, and the Revolution
of 1848 knew nothing better than to parody, now 1789, now
the revolutionary tradition of 1793–5.
20
Karl Marx’s essay,
The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte
,
remains one of the most important and insightful discussions of
the power and pitfalls of drawing on the past. On the one hand,
historical examples can be a source of inspiration and courage,
‘magnifying the given task in imagination rather than fleeing from
its solution in reality’; analogies with Rome not only sustained the
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29/04/2010 14:29
further reading
gEnEral hIsTorIEs of romE
A great many narrative accounts of the rise of Rome have appeared in recent years, as
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