ThE dynamIcs of culTural changE
121
be used as a means of establishing social position and membership
of society, especially as citizenship no longer conferred significant
political rights and duties as an alternative basis for social identity.
The development of systems of distribution gave easier access to
a wider range of goods, at least to those living in the cities, which
could be employed as social markers; and the expansion of economic
opportunities meant that at least some families had increased
means at their disposal. Indeed, the process may have become self-
perpetuating in the course of Rome’s development into a society
organised around the consumption of goods rather than collective
activities; poverty became more visible because lack of resources
meant an inability to imitate the practices of one’s neighbours,
and so there was an added incentive for
those who could afford it
to continue to spend to ensure that their freedom from shameful
poverty and their full participation in social activities was properly
advertised.
55
There is no way of knowing how far customs such
as bathing, new styles of dress, new foodstuffs or the use of
terra
sigillata
pottery were seen as explicitly or specifically ‘Roman’, nor
how far ordinary provincials, unlike the literate elite, thought of
themselves as Roman in ideological opposition to everyone outside
the Empire. While the degree of change in the material practices of
the wealthier non-elite members of provincial society is impressive,
especially in the west, the consumption habits of the Empire were
never completely homogeneous; for example, an analysis of meat
consumption indicates that north-western regions continued to eat
more beef, sheep or goat while southern Gaul and Italy remained
pork-eaters, exactly as the situation before the Empire came.
56
The society, culture and habits of consumption of the eastern
provinces were, as has been noted, much less dramatically affected
by the advent of Roman rule. One obvious reason is that their
elites were already well established, and indeed had contributed
significantly to the development of the model of elite culture and
urbanism that was now extended westwards. However, they played
an important role in a third process
of cultural change, which can
be termed re-evaluation: local customs and ideas were reviewed
and revised in the face of the rise of Rome and the establishment
of a more interconnected, globalised society, which brought with it
a flood of new ideas and information. Writers from the Greek east
thought deeply about Rome’s history and its place in the grander
narrative of world history, in the course of considering their own
place within the new order and negotiating an accommodation
with Roman power.
57
This echoed the re-evaluation of Roman
Morley 01 text 121
29/04/2010 14:29
ThE dynamIcs of culTural changE
123
alien God, they identified him as Saturn. Caesar’s description of the
religion of the Gauls is typical:
They especially worship Mercury among the gods. There are
many images of him. They claim him as the inventor of all crafts,
guide for all roads and journeys; they believe that he has special
power over money-making and trade. After him, they worship
Apollo and Mars and Jupiter and Minerva. They have roughly the
same view of these deities as other peoples – that Apollo dispels
sickness, that Minerva grants the principles of the arts and crafts,
that
Jupiter rules heaven, and that Mars controls wars.
(
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: