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Clapperton and Vanhoutte, 2014), changes in culture equals changes in in the workplace. Schein
(1984) and Hogan and Coote (2014) even claim that the physical office layout is part of cultural
artifacts. Van der Voordt (2004) claims that flexible offices create a cultural change; work is
performed more consciously and choices are more goal-oriented. Robertson and Vink (2012)
conclude that “
when adopting NWW, the organization’s cultural characteristics and the alignment of
work style with corporate goals is essential to the success of these programs
”. According to Vos &
Van der Voordt (2001a), “
the ultimate choice concerning place, space and use of workplaces must,
above all, be tuned to the type of organization, the office culture and the style of management, to the
nature of the activities and to the physical, social and psychological needs of the employees
”. Every
workplace solution should be evaluated in terms of, among others, the extent to which it
communicates the organizational values (Parkin et al., 2005).
Workplaces are thus changing towards concepts like NWW, which are focused on time and
place independent styles of working. According to Van der Voordt (2004), drivers for this are
economic considerations (e.g. low occupancy of expensive workplaces),
organizational developments
(network organizations, teamwork, fast exchange of knowledge, part-time work), and external
developments (globalization, strong competition). In time and place independent working styles,
workplaces often exist of combi-offices (Van der Voordt, 2004). Research by Rieck and Keller (2005)
showed that both productivity and comfort were higher in combi-offices compared to individual or
double rooms, open plan offices and group workplaces. The workplaces in these combi-offices are
activity based. Combi-offices exist of, for instance, rooms for telephoning, different meeting rooms,
concentration rooms, lounge places and coffee corners. These coffee corners have shown their
importance by a study of Vink et al. (2007), which showed that 84% of conversations in coffee
corners are work related. Brill and Weideman (2001) conclude that people learn significantly more
through informal rather than formal interaction. Besides, desk sharing stimulates new ideas (Pullen
et al., 2001), and 80% of all creative ideas come from informal meetings (Lloyd, 2001). “
The physical
design of these spaces is central to its functionality, emphasizing dislocation from day-to-day activity,
eliminating hierarchy and encouraging participation
” (De Korte et al., 2011).
To supplement this with
grey literature, Clapperton and Vanhoutte (2014) state that the workplace’s purpose is to invite
employees to work in it, meaning it needs to be the right workplace for the right people.
A lot of literature on NWW addresses that implementation of NWW results in other
requirements for the office workplace, but almost none mention how the office workplace will look
like (much less the
academic
office workplace). Reason for this can be that NWW requires a
customized approach for each organization. There is no ‘one size fits all’ (Baane et al., 2010).
Therefore, expert interviews will have to give insight in how the academic office workplace will look
like when implementing NWW in an academic setting.
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