Evidence for Constructional Meaning from Comprehension
What types of linguistic information do people use to construct the meaning of a sen-
tence? Most psycholinguistic models of sentence comprehension follow linguistic
theory and assume that the main determinant of sentence meaning is the verb. It does
seem to be true that of all the words in a sentence, verbs carry the most information
about the syntax and semantics of the sentence. Because of the high predictive value
of verbs, it is reasonable to assume that people use this information during compre-
hension to predict other lexical items in the sentence and the overall meaning of the
sentence. Experimental evidence has demonstrated that in fact the main verb is a crit-
ical factor in sentence comprehension (e.g., Ahrens 2003; Garnsey et al. 1997).
In this section, however, we review studies that provide evidence for the exis-
tence of sentence-level generalizations that are used in language comprehension to
construct an interpretation of an unknown predicate as well as the overall meaning of
the sentence. Studies by Ahrens (1995) and Kaschak and Glenberg (2000) show that
the way comprehenders interpret novel verbs depends on the sentence patterns in
which the verbs occur.
Ahrens (1995) conducted an experiment with a novel verb form. She asked 100
native English speakers to decide what
moop
meant in the sentence
She mooped him
something
. Sixty percent of subjects responded by saying that
moop
meant “give,”
despite the fact that several verbs have higher overall frequency than
give
and could
be used in that frame, including
take
and
tell
.
Kaschak and Glenberg (2000) show that subjects rely on constructional meaning
when they encounter nouns used as verbs in novel ways (e.g.,
to crutch
). In particular,
they show that different constructions differentially influence the interpretations of
the novel verbs. For example,
She crutched him the ball
(ditransitive) is interpreted to
mean that she used the crutch to transfer the ball to him, perhaps using the crutch as
one would a hockey stick. On the other hand,
She crutched him
(transitive) might be
interpreted to mean that she hit him over the head with the crutch. They suggest that
the constructional pattern specifies a general scene and that the “affordances” of par-
ticular objects are used to specify the scene in detail. It cannot be the semantics of the
verb that is used in comprehension because the word form is not stored as a verb but
as a noun.
Bencini and Goldberg (2000) conducted an experiment with the aim of directly
comparing the semantic contribution of the construction with that of the morphologi-
cal form of the verb. As shown in table 1.2, the stimuli were sixteen sentences created
by crossing four verbs with four different constructions.
2
Seventeen University of Illinois undergraduate students were asked to sort the six-
teen sentences, which were provided in random order, into four piles on the basis of
“overall sentence meaning.” Subjects could sort equally well by verb: For example, all
instances of throw (1a–d) could have been grouped together, regardless of construc-
tion. Subjects also could sort by construction: For example, all instances of the VOO or
ditransitive construction (1a, 2a, 3a, and 4a) could have been grouped together.
It would be possible, of course, to design stimuli with a great deal of overlapping
propositional content so that we could a priori predict either a verb or constructional
sort. For example, the sentences
Pat shot the duck
and
Pat shot the duck dead
would
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