language production in the third section. In particular, we report evidence that indi-
cates that units of the size and kind of constructions can be primed in language pro-
duction. Thus, the psycholinguistic evidence complements the growing body of tra-
ditional linguistic evidence accrued over the past fifteen years for adoption of a
constructional approach to grammar (e.g., Abbott-Smith, Lieven, and Tomasello
2004; Croft 2001; Gleitman et al. 1996; Goldberg 2003; Jackendoff 2002; Kay and
Fillmore 1999; Lambrecht 2001; Langacker 1988a, 1988b; Michaelis 2001; Zwicky
1994). Additional evidence comes from the area of child language (e.g., Bates and
Goodman 1997; Chang and Maia 2001; Childers and Tomasello 2001; Diessel and
Tomasello 2001; Tomasello 2003).
Theoretical Motivation for a Constructional Approach to
Argument Structure
What aspects of a sentence convey contentful meaning? Verbal predicates seem to
play a privileged role in determining a sentence’s meaning and overall form
(Chomsky 1981; Fillmore 1968; Lakoff 1970). For example, in the sentences in (1)
there seems to be a natural correspondence between the number and types of actors
in the scene and the number and types of actors typically associated with the
predicate.
(1) a. She sneezed.
b. She kicked the table.
c. She gave him a beer.
d. She threw her glass across the room.
Sneezing typically is conceived of as a one-argument predicate, with one partici-
pant role: “the sneezer.” A kicking event consists of two arguments—the “kicker”
and the “kickee”—whereas
give
is a trivalent predicate expressing a “giver,” a
“given,” and a “givee.” This observation has led to the traditional view that the overall
meaning of a sentence—the information about “who does what to whom”—is a pro-
jection of the lexical specifications of its verbal head. Under this lexical-projectionist
account, part of the lexical entry of
give
is that it requires three arguments:
give
[NP
[V NP NP]].
Unlike the predicates in formal logic however, natural language predicates typi-
cally occur in more than one (often many) alternative syntactic frames. For example,
give
can occur in two alternate forms that seem to express roughly the same proposi-
tional meaning:
(2) NP V NP PP (dative)
a. Pat gave a cookie to the child.
NP V NP NP (ditransitive)
b. Pat gave the child a cookie.
This property is not exclusive to
give,
of course. Languages typically provide
more than one way of saying roughly the same thing, and accounting for these struc-
tural alternatives has been a central preoccupation of linguistic theory.
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