friends, they talked about cultural differences in conversation, leading to the Ameri-
can coaching the Indian on how to do the American speech activity known as “shoot-
ing the shit.” They agreed to do a demonstration on videotape in my kitchen, with
commentary on this process of socializing the Indian student into a typical American
male speech activity. At the time of taping they had been friends for two years—talk-
ing daily, working out together, and considering each other as one of their best
friends.
They both still remember their first awkward conversation. Steve (the American)
was at work at the student union, and Roshan (the Indian) came by intentionally to
strike up a conversation with Steve. Steve asked Roshan a question about Sikhs in re-
lation to current world events, inviting a form of “casual conversation”; Roshan’s re-
sponse was what Steve experienced as a lecture, whereas Steve said that he was ex-
pecting something like “CNN Headline News.” Roshan remembers that Steve was
fidgety, but he didn’t know why. Roshan clearly had an expectation that conversa-
tions should be about substantive issues, whereas Steve was expecting a form of
small talk in this context.
Coaching Interaction
The ethnographic data presented below are transcriptions of a videotaped representa-
tion, with commentary by the friends in the presence of the researcher, of a typical
pragmatic coaching session by the American of the Indian. I discuss the relationship
between the ethnographic approach and the interactional sociolinguistic analysis fol-
lowing presentation of the data. It is important to note that what the participants are
creating in this data is a “prototype” of the speech activity, in the form of an example
of what had emerged spontaneously in the course of their friendship. The perceptions
of some people who have seen the data that Roshan seems to be “making it up” are
consistent with this performance dimension of the data; he is trying to demonstrate
spontaneity on cue. The transcription begins with an “introduction” by the partici-
pants, followed by a “wrong” version to show Roshan’s starting point in his attempts
to master the speech activity. This introduction is followed by the participants’ com-
mentary, a “better” version, and some final commentary on the better version. The
pragmatic coaching here is toward the learning of a typical male speech activity—a
form of casual conversation referred to colloquially as “shooting the shit.”
“Coaching” seems to be a particularly applicable term (rather than “giving feed-
back”) because it is a form of “practice” in relation to a jointly played game—a
proceduralizing of knowledge. In the transcription R represents Roshan, the Indian; S
represents Steve, the American; and C represents the researcher.
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