part of her life. In taking this focus, this study adds to past work that considers how
children construct identities through narrative or narrative-like discourse in peer in-
teraction (e.g., Kyratzis 1999, 2000) and to studies that identify functions of fu-
ture-oriented discourse (e.g., Peräkylä 1993), while also examining positioning as it
takes place in nonprototypical narratives.
The data for this analysis were drawn from a larger project that involved having
adult members of four dual-income families carry digital audiotape recorders with
them for approximately one week, taping nearly nonstop throughout the day.
1
I con-
sider the tapes of one of the families, consisting of a couple in their early thirties
(Janet, who was six months pregnant, and her husband, Steve) and their daughter
Natalie (a very verbal child who was just under three years old). For this study, I
searched the entirety of the family’s transcripts (seven days of taping) for instances in
which talk between Natalie and at least one adult “steps into the future,” to use Ochs’
(1994) phrase, and anticipates a time when Natalie’s brother will be born.
The analysis that follows focuses on four excerpts of interaction between Natalie
and at least one adult member of her family (her mother, father, or grandmother). I
identified a total of nine excerpts of conversation with Natalie about “baby brother”;
those I present here represent the range of “narrativity” I found and feature Natalie as
an active participant. (In several instances, a parent constructs a minimal hypotheti-
cal narrative with little input from Natalie.) Before turning to the analysis, I briefly
summarize how past research has defined narrative discourse and the types of dis-
course that have been considered “narrative.” I also summarize Bamberg’s (1997) ap-
plication of Davies and Harré’s (1990) notion of positioning to narrative discourse, as
well as Bamberg’s identification of three different types of positioning that lead to
identity construction in storytelling: positioning between characters in the story, po-
sitioning of the narrator vis-à-vis the audience, and positioning of the narrator with
respect to himself or herself as protagonist. Then I identify and discuss four aspects
of the narratives I subsequently analyze (the
interpersonal
,
imaginative
,
action
, and
evaluative
dimensions) that allow storyworld positioning to occur. The analysis
shows that positioning in hypothetical narratives works much as it does in past narra-
tives. Furthermore, it illustrates that even minimal narratives—as long as they in-
clude the interpersonal, imaginative, action, and evaluative dimensions—are capable
of doing identity work in interaction. Finally, the analysis shows how one young
child, with the aid of her parents, is able to use narrative language to explore an iden-
tity that will soon become a part of her life.
Defining and Analyzing Narrative Discourse
Work in linguistics and other fields studying narrative to date has focused on narra-
tives of the past told by competent adult tellers. Labov’s (1972) influential work de-
fines narrative as “one method of
recapitulating past experience
by matching a ver-
bal sequence of clauses to the sequence of events which (it is inferred) actually
occurred” (359–60; emphasis added).
Subsequent to Labov’s seminal work, researchers have suggested that narratives
not only can recapitulate past experience but also can project into the future (e.g.,
Beach and Japp 1983; Bruner 1990; Kyratzis 1999, 2000; Quigley 1999). Ochs
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