Conclusion
Success markers as a type of grammaticalized marker of directional verbs occur at
early stages of the grammaticalization path and express many semantic properties
that coexist synchronically. The conventionalized meanings of directional verbs that
remain in success markers are the notions of motion and direction. The other mean-
ings of success markers are derived from pragmatic inferences that were background
knowledge associated with motion or motion-implied verb phrases. These pragmatic
inferences are derived by means of metonymic processes and become more promi-
nent when these directional markers appear in the syntactic context: NP1 TV NP2
DV, where TV stands for a transitive motion or motion-implied verb and DV stands
for a directional verb, which is called a success marker in this context. Thus, the con-
struction in which success markers appear can be said to be a type of transitive-based
resultative construction whose resultative predicate expresses a change of location of
an affected entity.
In the case of success markers, it is apparent that some aspect of the original
meaning of their lexical sources coexists with the grammaticalized meanings. Hence,
semantic bleaching does not play an important role in this case. This fact corresponds
to Hopper and Traugott’s (1993) claim that in the early stages of grammaticalization
there is a shift in meaning of lexical words rather than bleaching, as researchers gen-
erally have believed. In a meaning shift, some meanings are promoted and some are
demoted. At the present stage of grammaticalization of directional verbs into success
markers, it seems that the new grammaticalized meanings have emerged while the
original meaning has not yet bleached or disappeared.
Acknowledgments
In carrying out this research, the second author is partially supported by the
Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research for Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
(No.15520241).
NOTES
1. According to Langacker (1987), the description of a location of an object in-
volves recognition of some kind of asymmetrical relation between the object
we want to locate and the object with respect to which we locate it. We may
recognize asymmetrical relations with respect to size, containment, support,
orientation, order, direction, distance, motion, or a combination of these crite-
ria. In describing the asymmetrical relation between entities in a spatial situa-
tion, Langacker (1987) uses the terms “Trajector” and “Landmark” to label the
object to be located and the reference object, respectively.
2. The pattern of sentence translation used throughout this study—“subject +
tried to + VP but was not successful”—does not reflect the actual meaning of
the Thai counterpart, in which a success marker appears. The latter literally
means that an agent kept doing the action indicated by the transitive verb
phrase, but the intended goal was not attained. For more details see the sub-
section “Syntactic Contexts of Success Markers.”
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