Degree of Grammaticalization of Success Markers
We argue in this section that success markers are still considered as located at early
stages of grammaticalization because of many reasons. First, some of the original
meanings and the grammaticalized meanings of success markers co-exist
synchronically. On this basis, intermediate stages on this grammaticalization path
can be said to be “synchronic contextual variations” of directional verbs (Heine
2002, 83). According to Heine (2002, 84–86), the grammaticalization path consists
of four successive stages. Because different stages tend to be reflected in the form of
different
contextual
clusters,
Heine
calls
some
of
the
stages
on
the
grammaticalization path “contexts.” These four stages are (I) initial stage, (II) bridg-
ing contexts, (III) switch contexts, and (IV) conventionalization. At stage I a mor-
pheme expresses a “normal” or source meaning and occurs in an array of contexts. At
stage II there is a specific context giving rise to an inference, which can be inter-
preted as a new meaning. The old and new meanings are not yet incompatible, how-
ever. At stage III there is a new context that does not allow for an interpretation in
terms of the source or old meaning. The source or old meaning is incompatible with
the new meaning in the new context. At stage IV the new meaning becomes conven-
tionalized and does not need to be supported by the context that gave rise to it.
Each grammaticalized marker can be synchronically located at any intermediate
stage of grammaticalization. It does not have to be a “conventionalized” marker,
which is located at the final stage. According to Heine’s (2002) characterizations of
these stages, success markers can be considered grammaticalized forms located at
the second stage, which is bridging contexts. This stage starts the grammaticalization
process by triggering the inferential mechanism such that there is another meaning
that is a more plausible interpretation of the lexical item in question. The new mean-
ing actually is a conversational implicature pragmatically associated with the lexical
item in context and is to be conventionalized later. A lexical item at this stage may be
associated with different “new” meanings as well as “old” meanings. The new mean-
ings may be, but need not be, conventionalized or grammaticalized at later stages.
Because the “old” and “new” meanings of success markers still coexist and are
not yet incompatible, success markers are regarded as forms located at the second
stage of grammaticalization. Furthermore, the fact that there must be agreement
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