Example 1
Bosnian
(1)
Ana:
A neka, kojima danima zimi bude ovako
ljudi
ono.
(2)
Subotom.
(3)
Boro:
Subotom i petak nave
e.
(4)
Ana:
I nedjeljom oko jednaest, dvanaest.
(5)
Boro:
Aha.
(6)
Mirsad: Tad se
mi
pomamimo.
(7)
Boro:
Nema, ne moreš nas nac
´
i nikako.
English
(1)
Ana:
And so, what days during winter are there
people
like.
(2)
On Saturday
.
(3)
Boro:
On Saturday and Friday evening
.
206
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(4)
Ana:
And on Sunday around eleven, twelve
.
(5)
Boro:
Uh-huh.
(6)
Mirsad:
We
go wild then.
(7)
Boro:
Right, you can’t find us at all.
In example 1, the construction of local identity is accomplished primarily
through personal and temporal reference. In Ana’s self-posed question in line 1
(“And so, what days during winter are there people like”), she uses the personal refer-
ent “people” to refer to a
specific
rather than an indeterminate group of people—
namely, Croats. That “people” can only refer to Croats is substantiated by the fact
that Stari Grad at that time, particularly in the winter, had hardly any non-Croat resi-
dents. The few Bosniak families who had returned were excluded from the town’s
life.
The referential scope of “people” is narrowed further by Ana’s use of the tempo-
ral referent “On Saturday” in line 2. By providing this answer to her own question,
Ana not only indicates her existing knowledge of the “people’s” activities in town,
she also evokes the participants’ knowledge of prewar practices that can be linked to
rural Croats. In prewar times, Croat villagers were regarded as outsiders by Stari
Grad residents because they did not participate in the town’s practices on a daily ba-
sis. The villagers would pour into Stari Grad only on weekends and flaunt their
money during Friday and Saturday activities such as shopping and drinking in se-
lected bars. Thus, by linking the presence of “people” to “Saturday” Ana invites the
other participants to co-construct a shared local identity that is easily distinguishable
from that of nonresident Croats. Indeed, Boro latches onto Ana’s utterance in line 3
(“On Saturday and Friday evening”), elaborating the temporal reference and specify-
ing further the practices of the “people.”
Of particular interest here is Ana’s use of the temporal referent in line 4 (“And on
Sunday around eleven, twelve”). The temporal reference, linked to the time when
Catholic mass takes place, is especially powerful because the Croats are Catholics
and may observe such services. The force of Ana’s reference lies in evoking prewar
practices of rural Croats who, in addition to pouring into town Friday and Saturday
evenings, also would come for Sunday church services and head toward the town’s
bars around 11:00 or 12:00. Because Catholic religious services in the Stari Grad
community often have been used as a vehicle for the expression of Croat radical na-
tionalism, the attempt to link nonlocal Croats to such practices and political tenden-
cies allows the Croat speakers to background their own ethnicity and emphasize
practices they share with the Bosniak speakers. That these weekend activities are not
what actually constitutes the expression of local identity for the speakers is indicated
by Mirsad’s use of the referent “we” in line 6 (“We go wild then”), which positions
him and Boro as protesters of such events.
Because I was not quite sure if Ana, Mirsad, and Boro were associating the
weekend activities to all nonlocal Croats, I asked for a clarification regarding the
“people’s” origin (line 8 below) to find out which group of nonlocal Croats was most
dominant. My clarification request instigated the following sequence:
THE DISCOURSE OF LOCAL IDENTITY IN POSTWAR BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA
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