The Quantitative Management Perspective Today
Like the other management
perspectives, the quantitative management perspective has made important contributions
and has certain limitations. It has provided managers with an abundance of decision-
making tools and techniques and has increased understanding of overall organizational
processes. This perspective has been particularly useful in the areas of planning and con-
trolling. Relatively new management concepts such as supply chain management and
new techniques such as enterprise resource planning, both discussed later in this book,
also evolved from the quantitative management perspective. Even more recently, mathe-
maticians are using tools and techniques from the quantitative perspective to develop
models that might be helpful in the war against terrorism.
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However, mathematical
models cannot fully account for individual behaviors and attitudes. Some believe that
the time needed to develop competence in quantitative techniques retards the develop-
ment of other managerial skills. Finally, mathematical models typically require a set of
assumptions that may not be realistic.
CONTEMPORARY MANAGEMENT PERSPECTIVES
It is important to recognize that the classical, behavioral, and quantitative approaches to
management are not necessarily contradictory or mutually exclusive. Even though each
of the three perspectives makes very different assumptions and predictions, each can also
complement the others. Indeed, a complete understanding of management requires an
appreciation of all three perspectives. The systems and contingency perspectives can
help us integrate these earlier approaches and enlarge our understanding of all three.
The Systems Perspective
The systems perspective is one important contemporary management perspective. A
system
is an interrelated set of elements functioning as a whole.
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As shown in Figure 1.4,
by viewing an organization as a system, we can identify four basic elements: inputs, trans-
formation processes, outputs, and feedback. First, inputs are the material, human, financial,
and information resources that an organization gets from its environment. Next, through
technological and managerial processes, inputs are transformed into outputs. Outputs
include products, services, or both (tangible and intangible); profits, losses, or both (even
Inputs from the
environment:
material inputs,
human inputs,
financial inputs, and
information inputs
Transformation
process: technology,
operating systems,
administrative
systems, and
control systems
Outputs into
the environment:
products/services,
profits/losses,
employee behaviors,
and information
outputs
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