subsystems
—systems within a
broader system. For example, the marketing, production, and finance functions within
Mattel are systems in their own right but are also subsystems within the overall organiza-
tion. Because they are interdependent, a change in one subsystem can affect other subsys-
tems as well. If the production department at Mattel lowers the quality of the toys being
made (by buying lower-quality materials, for example), the effects are felt in finance
(improved cash flow in the short run owing to lower costs) and marketing (decreased
sales in the long run because of customer dissatisfaction). Managers must therefore
remember that although organizational subsystems can be managed with some degree of
autonomy, their interdependence should not be overlooked. For instance, recent research
has underscored the interdependence of strategy and operations in businesses.
41
Synergy
suggests that organizational units (or subsystems) may often be more suc-
cessful working together than working alone. The Walt Disney Company, for example,
benefits greatly from synergy. The company’s movies, theme parks, television programs,
and merchandise-licensing programs all benefit one another. Children who enjoy Disney
movies such as
Monsters University
and
Frozen
want to go to Disney World to see the
attractions and shows based on the movies and their favorite characters; and when they
shop at Target, they see and want to buy stuffed toys and action figures of the same
characters. Music from the films generates additional revenues for the firm, as do com-
puter games and other licensing arrangements for lunchboxes, clothing, and so forth.
Synergy was also the major objective of Procter & Gamble’s acquisition of Gillette; the
firm decided it could use its own retailing presence and international distribution net-
works to substantially increase Gillette’s sales. And Gillette’s products are natural com-
plements to P&G’s existing line of grooming products.
42
Synergy is an important concept
for managers because it emphasizes the importance of working together in a cooperative
and coordinated fashion.
43
Finally,
entropy
is a normal process that leads to system decline. When an organiza-
tion does not monitor feedback from its environment and make appropriate adjust-
ments, it may fail. For example, witness the problems and eventual demise of
Studebaker (an automobile manufacturer) and Circuit City (a major retailer). Each of
these organizations went bankrupt because it failed to revitalize itself and keep pace
with changes in its environment. A primary objective of management, from a systems
perspective, is to continually reenergize the organization to avoid entropy.
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