Convenience


The Contingency Perspective



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Fundamentals-of-Management-8th-Edition-Ricky-Griffin-978-1285849041

The Contingency Perspective
Another noteworthy recent addition to management thinking is the contingency per-
spective. The classical, behavioral, and quantitative approaches are considered
universal
perspectives
because they try to identify the “one best way” to manage organizations.
The
contingency perspective
, in contrast, suggests that universal theories cannot be
applied to organizations because each organization is unique. Instead, the contingency
perspective suggests that appropriate managerial behavior in a given situation depends
on, or is contingent on, unique elements in that situation.
44
open systems
A system that
interacts with its
environment
closed systems
A system that does
not interact with its
environment
subsystems
A system within
another system
synergy
Two or more
subsystems working
together to produce
more than the total of
what they might
produce working
alone
entropy
A normal process
leading to system
decline
universal
perspectives
An attempt to
identify the one best
way to do something
contingency
perspective
Suggests that
appropriate
managerial behavior
in a given situation
depends on, or is
contingent on,
unique elements in a
given situation
20
Part 1:
An Introduction to Management
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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Stated differently, effective managerial behavior in one situation cannot always be
generalized to other situations. Recall, for example, that Frederick Taylor assumed that
all workers would generate the highest possible level of output to maximize their own
personal economic gain. We can imagine some people being motivated primarily by
money—but we can just as easily imagine other people being motivated by the desire
for leisure time, status, social acceptance, or any combination of these (as Mayo found
at the Hawthorne plant). In 2000, Cisco Systems had the largest market cap in the
world and was growing at a rate of 50 percent per year. A recession and the terrorist
attacks in September 2001, however, caused the technology sector to crash, and Cisco’s
stock dropped in value by 86 percent. Cisco’s CEO, John Chambers, had to downsize the
company through layoffs and divestitures and transform it into a smaller company. As
he went through this process, he also changed his management style. He had previously
been an autocratic manager and led Cisco using a command-and-control hierarchy. As a
result of the transformation at Cisco, however, Chambers decided he needed to change
his own management style as well. So, he began to adopt a much more democratic
approach and run Cisco using a more democratic organizational structure.
45

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