Convenience

Theory X
A pessimistic and
negative view of
workers consistent
with the views of
scientific
management
Theory Y
A positive view of
workers; it
represents the
assumptions that
human relations
advocates make
16
Part 1:
An Introduction to Management
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view, Theory Y was a more appropriate philosophy for managers to adhere to. Both
Maslow and McGregor notably influenced the thinking of many practicing managers.
Contemporary Behavioral Science in Management
Munsterberg, Mayo, Maslow,
McGregor, and others have made valuable contributions to management. Contemporary
theorists, however, have noted that many of the human relationists’ assertions were sim-
plistic and provided inadequate descriptions of work behavior. Current behavioral per-
spectives on management, known as
organizational behavior
, acknowledge that human
behavior in organizations is much more complex than the human relationists realized.
The field of organizational behavior draws from a broad, interdisciplinary base of psy-
chology, sociology, anthropology, economics, and medicine. Organizational behavior
takes a holistic view of behavior and addresses individual, group, and organization pro-
cesses. These processes are major elements in contemporary management theory.
35
Important topics in this field include job satisfaction, stress, motivation, leadership,
group dynamics, organizational politics, interpersonal conflict, and the structure and
design of organizations.
36
A contingency orientation also characterizes the field (dis-
cussed more fully later in this chapter). Our discussions of organizing (Chapters 6–8)
and leading (Chapters 9–13) are heavily influenced by organizational behavior. And,
finally, managers need a solid understanding of human behavior as they address
diversity-related issues such as ethnicity and religion in the workplace. Indeed, all these
topics are useful to help managers better deal with the consequences of layoffs and job
cuts and to motivate today’s workers.