Convenience


Theory X is a relatively pessimistic and negative view of workers and is consistent with the views of scientific management. Theory Y



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Fundamentals-of-Management-8th-Edition-Ricky-Griffin-978-1285849041

Theory X
is a relatively pessimistic and negative view of workers
and is consistent with the views of scientific management.
Theory Y
is more positive
and represents the assumptions made by human relations advocates. In McGregor’s
Table 1.1
Theory X and Theory Y
Theory X Assumptions
1. People do not like work and try to avoid it.
2. People do not like work, so managers have to
control, direct, coerce, and threaten employees to
get them to work toward organizational goals.
3. People prefer to be directed, to avoid responsibil-
ity, and to want security; they have little ambition.
Theory Y Assumptions
1. People do not naturally dislike work; work is a
natural part of their lives.
2. People are internally motivated to reach objectives
to which they are committed.
3. People are committed to goals to the degree that
they receive personal rewards when they reach
their objectives.
4. People will both seek and accept responsibility
under favorable conditions.
5. People have the capacity to be innovative in
solving organizational problems.
6. People are bright, but under most organizational
conditions, their potential is underutilized.
Source: D. McGregor and W. Bennis,
The Human Side Enterprise: 25th Anniversary Printing
,
1960, Copyright © 1960 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Reprinted with permission.
Douglas McGregor
developed Theory X
and Theory Y. He
argued that Theory X
best represented the
views of scientific
management and
Theory Y repre-
sented the human
relations approach.
McGregor believed
that Theory Y was
the best philosophy
for all managers.
human relations
movement
Argued that workers
respond primarily to
the social context of
the workplace

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