Polar Regions
: Climate Change Impacts
Introduction
The polar regions are the areas surrounding the poles, the two points
where Earth's axis of rotation passes through its surface. These regions
are always oriented to the sun at a grazing angle, so they never receive
strong overhead sunlight. Also, because Earth's
axis is tilted with respect
to the plane in which it circles the sun, for about half the year the poles
receive weak 24-hour sunlight, and for the rest of the year are in
constant darkness. As a result of these extreme conditions, the polar
regions are the only areas on Earth where ice is found at low altitudes
year-round. Since the poles are cold and the tropics are hot, air and
water tend to circulate between them, transporting energy and driving
Earth's weather and climate systems.
WORDS TO KNOW
ANAEROBIC:
Lacking free molecular oxygen (O
2
). Anaerobic
environments lack O
2
; anaerobic bacteria digest
organic matter
such as
dead plants in anaerobic environments
such as deep water and the
digestive systems of cattle. Anaerobic digestion releases methane, a
greenhouse gas.
EROSION:
Processes (mechanical and chemical) responsible for the
wearing away, loosening, and dissolving of materials of Earth's crust.
GREENHOUSE GAS:
A gaseous component of the atmosphere
contributing to the
greenhouse effect
. Greenhouse gases
are transparent
to certain wavelengths of the sun's radiant energy, allowing them to
penetrate deep into the atmosphere or all the way into Earth's surface.
Greenhouse gases
and clouds prevent some
infrared radiation
from
escaping, trapping the heat near Earth's surface where it warms the lower
atmosphere. Alteration of this natural barrier of atmospheric gases can
raise or lower the mean global temperature of Earth.
ICE CAP:
Ice mass located over one of the poles
of a planet not
otherwise covered with ice. In our
solar system
, only Mars and Earth
have polar ice caps. Earth's north polar
ice cap
has two parts, a skin of
floating ice over the actual pole and the Greenland
ice cap
, which does
not overlay the pole. Earth's south polar ice cap is
the Antarctic ice
sheet.
ICE CORE:
A cylindrical section of ice removed from a glacier or an
ice sheet in order to study climate patterns of the past. By performing
chemical analyses
on the air trapped in the ice, scientists can estimate
the percentage of
carbon dioxide
and other trace gases in the atmosphere
at that time.
ICE SHEET:
Glacial ice that covers at least 19,500 square mi (50,000
square km) of land and that flows in all directions, covering and
obscuring the landscape below it.