The impact of complete melting of Greenland's ice could be a 21–23 ft
(6.5–7 m) rise in sea levels that would radically alter coastlines and
force the migration of hundreds of millions of people. Although
complete melting of the cap in the near future seems unlikely, there is
scientific dispute over just how much of the cap may melt and when,
under the conditions of global warming likely to be seen.
The IPCC's
Third Assessment Report, in 2001, suggested a sea-level rise
of 0.3–2.9 ft (0.09–0.88 m) by 2100 without large reductions in
greenhouse-gas emissions. Continuing unabated
emissions, the report
said, could lead to a sea-level rise of over 16 ft (5 m) over the next
thousand years. In subsequent years, other models showed that the
Greenland ice sheet could melt completely over the next thousand years
or so. In 2007, the IPCC issued an even more conservative estimate of
sea-level rise, lowering the upper end of its estimate of sea-level rise by
2100 to 1.9 ft (0.59 m).
A number of scientists have criticized the IPCC's
reports as being too
conservative, that is, understating the likely or possible effects of climate
change. For example, the rules for drafting the 2007 report excluded all
scientific papers published after December 2005. This means that those
studies which used satellite gravity measurements
to reveal much faster
melting of the Greenland ice cap from 2004–2006 were not taken into
account in the new, lower sea-level rise estimates of 2007.
Even the higher 2001 estimate was criticized as too conservative. In a
2006 paper in
Science
, Jonathan T. Overpeck and colleagues examined
the paleoclimate (prehistoric climate) record and found that warming of
the Arctic and Antarctic regions might reach levels seen 130,000 to
127,000 years ago by 2100. At that time, sea levels were several meters
higher than present-day levels, so much higher sea-level rises than a
half-meter or so should not be ruled out or characterized as
extremely
unlikely.
The IPCC's computer models contain only a small contribution from
glaciers' dynamic response, that is, the ability of glaciers
to respond to
warming by flowing faster, which turns out to be important in
Greenland.Overpeck and his co-workers therefore argue that the record
of “past ice-sheet melting indicates that the rate of future melting and
related sea-level rise could be faster than widely thought.” A threshold
might be crossed, they warned, before the end of the twenty-first
century, a point beyond which ice-sheet melting would accelerate
greatly beyond what is already seen. Human-released soot is darkening
the ice, making it absorb more
solar energy
and melt faster, and climate
models indicate that the Antarctic might melt much more than it did
129,000 years ago. Further, climate scientists agree that warming will
continue for many years even if humans greatly reduce their greenhouse-
gas emissions, since the gases are already in the atmosphere.
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