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3.0 Introduction
Any study of language variation should make reference not only to the linguistic
outcomes of variation, but also to the social or extralinguistic factors influencing it.
Milroy and Gordon (2003: 5) postulate that „a major goal of the variationist
enterprise is to specify and order the constraints which lead to one choice rather than
another.‟ Therefore, this chapter introduces
variational pragmatics
as the primary
theoretical framework for the present study. Variational pragmatics allows the
researcher to account for the influences of different factors such as age, gender or
social class on pragmatic choices made. Schneider and Barron (2008: 21) maintain
that variational pragmatics is „contrastive by definition‟. Therefore, it provides a
framework through which the analysis of pragmatic similarities and differences can
be performed between and within different language varieties. Inter-varietal studies
of pragmatic variation focus on comparing two or more language varieties, for
example, Netherlandic and Belgian Dutch (Plevoets
et al
., 2008). On the other hand,
intra-varietal studies concentrate on variation within the same language variety, as is
the case in the present study which investigates pragmatic variation within Irish
English. Section 3.1 will explore variational pragmatics in detail in this context.
However, this chapter also proposes to investigate employing another
complementary theoretical framework in order to account for the effects of the
family unit itself on pragmatic variation and, therefore, three models that have been
employed to investigate domain-specific variation are examined –
speech
community
,
social network theory
and
community of practice
.
The concept of speech community has traditionally provided the researcher with a
framework that accounts for the social stratification of language. However,
increasingly, models that have their roots in disciplines such as sociology,
anthropology and education such as social network theory and community of
practice have enabled the sociolinguistic researcher to address some of the criticisms
that have been levelled at the speech community model. This chapter presents an
analysis of the merits of each framework in relation to the data for the present study.
It begins with a discussion of the speech community (Section 3.2) and continues
with the notion of social network theory (Section 3.3). Briefly, the speech
community has as its pivot a large group defined by social and geographical
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limitations, whereas social network theory is „anchored‟ around the individual.
However, the family is comprised of a small set of individuals and, therefore, could
be said to occupy the „space‟ between speech community and social network, one
which community of practice may be seen to fill (Section 3.4). Eckert and
McConnell-Ginet (1999: 190) maintain that:
Although notions of speech community and of social network have both been very
useful in sociolinguistic inquiry, neither directs attention to what people are doing as
they engage with one another. It is what people are DOING which gives their
interactions real bite.
The DOING that Eckert and McConnell-Ginet refer to here can be glossed as the
linguistic practices of a family. Therefore, this chapter also seeks to broadly
operationalise the community of practice in relation to the shared „pragmatic
repertoire‟ of the families contained in the present study.
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