60
speech‟ (1933: 42). However, this still did not address the problems presented by
issues of scale and overlapping communities (Patrick, 2002: 579). Subsequently,
theorists attempted to place some boundaries on Bloomfield‟s generalisations.
Gumperz (1968 and 1972) introduced two elements to the SpCom, both shared by
Hymes and Labov, and vitally important to ensuing interpretations. Gumperz (1968:
381) defines the SpCom as „any human aggregate characterized by regular and
frequent interaction by means of a shared body of verbal signs.‟ This „shared body‟
echoes previous studies and reiterates the necessity of a common linguistic
repertoire. Furthermore, he claims that „to the extent that speakers share knowledge
of the communicative constraints and options governing a significant number of
social situations, they can be said to be members of the same speech community‟
(Gumperz, 1972: 16). Here, shared knowledge of norms
of communication is posited
as essential for membership of a SpCom, a point echoed in Labov‟s work (Patrick
2002). However, Gumperz (1972: 16) also appears to struggle to place boundaries
on his definition of the SpCom adding that „speech community boundaries tend to
coincide with wider social units such as countries, tribes, religions or ethnic
groupings.‟
This concept of shared knowledge is mirrored by Hymes‟ (1972: 54) assertion that
„tentatively, a speech community is defined as a community sharing rules for the
conduct and interpretation of speech, and rules for the interpretation of at least one
linguistic variety.‟ As in the classic definition, SpCom members are an identifiable
group located and bounded by a shared knowledge of social norms. Hymes (1974:
120) also stresses the need for a shared grammar „the starting point for description
is…a repertoire of ways of speaking…a speech community defined through the
concurrence of rules of grammar and rules of use‟. Both shared grammar and shared
norms are seen by Hymes as necessary conditions for membership of a SpCom.
Finally, Hymes, like Bloomfield and Gumperz, struggles to delimit the SpCom. He
states that for the purposes of sociolinguistic study „it appears most useful to reserve
the notion of community for a local unity, characterised for its members by common
locality and primary interaction‟ (
ibid
: 51). Here he appears to overly delimit the
speech area in direct contrast to Bloomfield‟s boundary-less interpretation and
Gumperz‟ „wider social units‟. The Travelling community in Ireland, as this
61
discussion
will demonstrate, is neither characterised by common
locality nor primary
interaction.
Unlike Hymes‟, Labov‟s seminal studies of language variation are empirically
rooted. For Labov, any definition of a SpCom must be arrived at through analytical
and interpretive practices which yield outcomes, not assumptions (Labov, 1994: 4-
5). In his study of Martha‟s Vineyard (1962) and Lower East Side New York (1966),
he demonstrated how macro-level factors such as class or gender affected people‟s
use of language. He proposed the following definition of the SpCom:
The speech community is not defined by any marked agreement
in the use of language
elements, so much as by participation in a set of shared norms. These norms may be
observed in overt types of evaluative behaviour, and by the uniformity of abstract
patterns of variation which are invariant in respect to particular levels of usage.
(Labov, 1972: 120-121)
Labov‟s definition is not concerned with adherence to a particular linguistic
behaviour, rather with reference to a shared set of norms (Patrick, 2002). He found
that speakers use these norms to locate and identify themselves as members of a
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