57
all four corpora employed by Tottie and McCarthy have been specifically designed
to represent standard British (LLC and CANCODE) and American (CSAE and
CNASC) English, thereby mitigating some of the criticisms aimed at cross-cultural
pragmatic research. Indeed, one of the strengths of corpus linguistics is that it has
long been concerned with issues of representativeness (see Chapter 4 for a full
discussion of representativeness in relation to the present study).
Schneider and Barron (2008) identify two compositional components of a
framework for variational pragmatics;
type of language variation
and
level of
pragmatic analysis
. In terms of this practical
research agenda, they suggest that:
Currently, variational pragmatics concentrates primarily on macro-social variation. It
aims at determining the influence of each macro-social factor on language use
individually…At a later stage it will be necessary to systematically include micro-
social variation and to investigate the interaction between micro-social and macro-
social factors.
(
ibid
: 18)
Therefore, the five types of pragmatic variation they specify are based on this
primary focus on macro-social variation,
viz
. regional, socio-economic, ethnic,
gender and age variation. Schneider and Barron point out that this variation can take
place inter-varietally, such as between American English and British English (see,
for example, the studies by Tottie (1991) and McCarthy (2002) cited above) or intra-
varietally such as between different registers within the same language (see, for
example, Farr and O‟Keeffe, 2002). Chapter 1 has touched upon the fact that that
datasets for the present study were compiled in such a way as to ensure that some of
these macro-social factors, for example, region and gender are largely comparable
(this will also be further elaborated on in Chapter 4). Therefore, the present study
focuses primarily on the impact of the macro-social impact of age, ethnicity and
social class on the pragmatic language use of two families. In addition, it seeks to
advance the variational pragmatic research agenda by examining the interaction of
these macro-social factors with micro-social factors such as the power structure of
family discourse and their influence on the pragmatic system of the family.
Schneider and Barron (2008: 19-21) identify five levels of pragmatic variation:
formal
,
actional
,
interactional
,
topic
and
organisational
. They maintain that „these
58
distinctions are based on an integrative model of spoken discourse which
incorporates approaches to pragmatics from different disciplines, including speech
act theory, discourse analysis and conversation analysis‟ (p. 19). A brief description
of each of these levels of analysis is presented in Table 3.1:
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