49
socialised to participate in everyday conversation both within and outside the family
home. Here, Paugh is, in essence, describing the socialisation of the children into the
family
community of practice
(see Chapter 3). Paugh performed a corpus-based study of
16 middle-class American families. She demonstrated that how the families‟ talk about
work embedded in their narratives of everyday experience, „socialises children to
particular understandings about what work is, expectations for how to morally and
competently conduct oneself at work, and other values and goals regarding work and
family‟ (p. 72). Sterponi (2003) has also demonstrated how the family serves as a locus
for negotiating cultural norms such as moral ideologies and moral order. She
investigated spontaneously occurring account episodes in the dinner table talk of twenty
middle-class Italian families. She notes that in these families when a problematic event,
such as a child‟s misbehaviour at school, is raised by the parents, the child is provided
with the discursive space to account for his/her actions. She claims that this convention
of parents requesting an account from their children reflects a moral practice of
„innocent until proven guilty‟ within these Italian families.
2.2.3.4 Social class
Studies into the connection between language use and social class have shown how
speakers may seek to imitate socially prestigious language forms in order to gain access
to the socio-economic capital that seems to accompany them (see Labov, 1966) or that
they reject these forms and preserve their own in order to strengthen in-group solidarity
and emphasise their membership of the group (see Trudgill, 1974; Milroy, 1982;
Edwards, 1985). Watts (1989) focussed on the family unit in order to explore the
perceptions that native speakers have of the use of discourse markers which, he
maintains, „is essentially one way of stereotyping their own class prejudices‟ (p. 204; cf.
Bernstein, 1971). He found that self-styled educated native speakers show a tendency to
stigmatise users of these markers. These speakers attach a symbolic significance to the
markers so that they can be used as linguistic out-group markers. The „outsiders‟ usually
belong to a particular socio-economic status, geographical area and level of education.
What is striking about the study is that while the family members are evaluating others‟
50
use of discourse markers (usually negatively), they themselves are using the markers.
Watts (1989) maintains that studies of this type are of „considerable importance in
analysing the role language plays in helping the individual to constitute for her/himself a
social and ethnic identity and to qualify as a valid member of an in-group‟ (p. 227).
In previous studies of family discourse, the typical target family has been a relatively
homogenous one. Many of the studies have focussed on urban, white, middle-class,
Western families. While there are some exceptions to this (Nilep, 2009; Vuchinich,
1984), researchers such as De Geer (2004) have pointed out that it is important to
determine whether or not groups with different social or ethnic backgrounds share the
behaviours found in the target families. This is especially pertinent for researchers
examining the connection between a family‟s social practices and early literacy
development (see Gee, 2004). Of course, key studies in family discourse such as those
by Blum-Kulka and, more recently, those that have emerged from Europe‟s Nordic
region have acknowledged the influence of cultural traits in accounting for differences
between families‟ verbal behaviour. However, these cultural differences occur within
the same socio-economic class, whereas researchers such as Bernstein (1971) and
Youmans (2001) have shown that cultural differences manifest in language are more
pronounced in the lower social classes that are less mobile and more geographically and
socially isolated. Therefore, the present study, which compares two distinct ethnic and
socio-economic grouping, is probably better suited to an analysis of the influence of
these factors on individual family‟s pragmatic language use.
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: