44
As has been argued, familial relationships are fixed and pre-established. Many of the
themes/topics of nagging have their origins in the domestic arena, however, nagging
appears to originate in the struggle for status and power in the family. In Boxer‟s data,
only six of the seventy nagging sequence recorded featured men nagging women. In
contrast, in two thirds of the data, women were the naggers. Boxer argues that nagging
has its origins in the process of language socialisation. According to Tannen (1990: 31),
„many women are inclined to do what is asked of them and many men are inclined to
resist even the slightest hint that anyone, especially a woman, is telling them what to
do.‟ Therefore, the co-operative style of women clashes with the hierarchical style of
men and nagging is the result. Interestingly, as the studies of narrative have shown,
power resides in topics being successfully introduced, ratified and evaluated. Boxer
claims that nagging, a sequence which is often ignored, results in the nagger losing
conversational power.
As
has been shown, from a gender
viewpoint, the majority of studies
in family discourse
have primarily orientated themselves with the mother at the centre. Although Kendall‟s
(2008) study on framing is a notable exception, fathers and children have been, in a
sense, relegated to the lower leagues of gender-based research. The present study aims
to contribute to a reinstatement of the father and children in the analysis of family
discourse. In terms of a wider social remit, Kendall claims that a gender-based analysis
of the parents has much to offer the researcher. According to Kendall (
ibid
: 565):
…language, gender and parental identities are intertwined in ways that both reflect and
reproduce gender as a social construct and encourage a traditional sex-based division of
labour despite (or because of) the mass movement of women with young children into the
workforce. Thus, gender at a societal level is (re-)created at the interactional level through
the positions the parents take up within the frames they create and maintain as they
interact with their daughter at dinnertime.
If as stated here, gender at a societal (macro) level is (re-)created at an interactional
(micro) level by the parents, then so too are other social factors such as ethnicity or
social class. The present study seeks to make manifest the linguistic representations of
these macro-social features in the pragmatic systems of the families studied. As will be
45
shown in the analysis chapters, many of the linguistic differences between the two
families will be shown to reflect the differing influences of these social variables.
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