47
this and employ this power both through challenging the role of
their mother and also by
seeking to socialise their younger counterparts into locally appropriate roles. Nilep
demonstrates how, both in the presence and absence of the mother, the older siblings
evaluate their younger siblings‟ use of code-switching within the family unit, ratifying
certain choices and censuring others. In doing so, the older siblings subvert the role of
the mother in ratifying linguistic behaviour and also place themselves in a more
powerful role than the younger ones.
2.2.3.3 Ethnicity
Language has long been identified as one of the defining features of an ethnic grouping
and the role of language as a marker of ethnic identity has been explored in many
different contexts. One commonality in the relationship between ethnicity and language
variation is that where a choice of language is available for communication, it is often
possible for an individual to signal their ethnicity by their language choice. Eriksen
(2002) maintains that in order for ethnicity to come about, distinct groups must have a
minimum amount of contact with each other and perceive that they are culturally
different from one another. He stresses the need to view ethnicity as essentially an
aspect of a relationship, not a property of a group. This is in accordance with Fought‟s
(2002: 444) assertion that „ethnicity is not about what one is, but rather about what one
does‟. She points out that the bulk of the sociolinguistic research on ethnicity and
language change „has focused on majority communities, often on speakers of European-
American ethnicity in large urban settings‟ (
ibid
: 456).
Fought further delineates previous studies in saying that those examining minority
ethnic groups have limited their analysis to investigations of phonological and
grammatical variation. For example, although some morpho-syntactic forms have been
identified, Cajun English is primarily described in terms of its phonological features
(see Dubois and Horvath, 1998, 2000). Similarly, the greater part of the seminal
sociolinguistic research based in Belfast (see J. Milroy, 1991; L. Milroy, 1987 and 2002;
J. Milroy and L. Milroy, 1985) is concerned with phonological variation. From the point
48
of view of the role of ethnicity in language variation, Rickford (1999: 90) maintains that
American sociolinguistics has made far more progress in understanding the role of
variables such as socioeconomic status or gender as sociolinguistic boundaries than in
the role of ethnicity. This, he states, is in the main due to the majority of the work in
African American Vernacular English focussing on describing the phonological and
grammatical features of the vernacular. The present study seeks to move beyond this
level of analysis and compare a minority ethnic grouping to the „mainstream‟ in order to
describe variation at a more discoursal, pragmatic level.
In terms of family discourse, Schiffrin‟s (1996) seminal paper on narrative
demonstrated how narratives situate experiences both
locally
in that the experience „is
situated in and relevant to „a particular “here” and “now”, a particular audience and a
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