69
or examinations. They maintained that rather than learning taking place in the
classroom, learning took place through a process of social participation (Wenger,
1998). This learning, claim Lave and Wenger (1991), is characterised by what they
term „legitimate peripheral participation‟:
By this we mean to draw attention to the point that learners inevitably participate
in communities of practitioners and that mastery of knowledge and skill requires
newcomers to move toward full participation in the sociocultural practices of a
community.
(Lave and Wenger, 1991: 29)
Therefore, as apprentices directly participate in the social practices of the
community,
learning takes place and,
ultimately, the apprentice becomes a master. In
the family, the parents can be seen as the expert practitioners or „old timers‟ (
ibid
:
56) and the children are the novices or apprentices. Lave and Wenger (
ibid
: 32)
observe that „children are, after all, quintessentially legitimate peripheral participants
in adult social worlds.‟ Children can be broadly viewed as apprentice members of
society, learning through observation and participation in activities what it means to
be a „functioning‟ member of society. Holmes and Meyerhoff (1999: 174) maintain
that „the process of becoming a member of a CofP – as when we join a new
workplace, a book group or a new family (e.g. through marriage) – involves
learning…a CofP inevitably involves the acquisition of sociolinguistic competence.‟
It will be argued in this study that this has a particular resonance for any
sociolinguistic study of the family as it is the primary unit of socialisation, where we
first learn how to behave linguistically (see also Ochs and Schieffelin, 1983).
Although Holmes and Meyerhoff (1999) highlight entry to a family CofP through
marriage, perhaps more fundamentally, entry to a family can also be achieved by
birth. The child must then acquire a sociolinguistic competence within the family
that not only allows him/her to become a full participant in the family but has
implications outside of the family in other CofPs. Eckert and McConnell-Ginet
(1999: 189) maintain that „styles and frameworks constructed in experientially
central communities of practice are likely to have become “second nature”, sustained
by a powerful set of dispositions.‟ Without doubt, the family is one of these „central‟
CofPs which aid in establishing a person‟s ability to manage their involvement in
70
any CofP. Eckert and McConnell-Ginet (
ibid
.) argue that „the CofPs to which people
belong at relatively early life stages probably have special importance for certain
aspects of speech style and interpretation.‟ It is argued here that the family provides
a grounding for interactions in future CofPs. It is in this context that we first receive
the rules of apprenticeship required to move from peripheral to central membership
that people can apply as they move beyond the family CofP.
The term community of practice was introduced to sociolinguistics by the work of
Penelope Eckert (1989, 2000) which centres on sub-groups of American high school
students such as
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: