Excellence and leadership in the public sector: the role of education



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2007 Excellence and Leadership in the Public Sector The Role of Education a

Empowerment  of  Employees:  High  performance  results  require  the  par-
ticipation  of  employees  at  every  level  in  the  organization  (Crosby,  1979;  Juran 
&  Gryna,  1988).  Employee  involvement  goes  beyond  what  is  usually  meant  by 
“employee participation.” The role of those who perform the processes expands 
from  doer,  to  trouble  shooter,  problem  solver  and  planner--all  roles  essential  to 
quality improvement (Bowen & Lawler, 1995; Crosby, 1979; Deming, 1986; Juran 
& Gryna, 1988).
Empowerment involves pushing problem-solving and decision making to the lowest 
appropriate level in an organization. The process gives employees a greater sense of 
ownership, and calls on them to work in new, more flexible ways (Carnevale & Stone, 
1995). Bowen and Lawler in “The Empowerment of Service Workers: What, Why, 
How, and When” (1995) explain that a decision to empower employees assumes that 
1) most employees can make good decisions if they are properly socialized, trained, 
and informed; 2) employees can be internally motivated to perform effectively; 3) 
that employees are capable of self-control and self-direction; and 4) that employees 
can produce good ideas for operating the organization. They cite four key features 
that must be pushed down in the organization to create empowered employees:
•  Information  about  organizational  performance  (e.g.,  operating  results  and 
competitor performance);
•  Rewards  based  on  organizational  performance  (e.g.,  profit  sharing  and  stock 
ownership);
•  Knowledge that enables employees to understand and contribute to organiza-
tional performance (e.g., problem solving skills); and
•  Power  to  make  decisions  that  influence  work  procedures  and  organizational 
direction (e.g., through quality circles and self-managing teams).


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High Performing Schools and Institutes of Administration: The Role …
The  degree  of  empowerment  can  range  from  contributing  ideas,  to  deciding 
how work is done, to participating in work-unit management decisions.

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