them as demonstrative determiner
and pronoun 119b
what as relative pronoun 119b
zero plural for nouns of measurement
119b
incomplete structures 83
interpersonal communication 91
checks of understanding 91
deictic expressions 91
discourse markers 91
indirect language 91
intimacy and distance 104
polite forms 91
situational ellipsis 91
vague language 91
pauses, filled/unfilled 89a
position of items 88
real-time communication
clause combination 87a
repeating and recasting 89b
simple phrasal structures 86b
unplanned speech 86a
recasting 89b
reference incomprehensible to outsiders
83
repeating 89b
representation of in writing 120
structures difficult to label 83
tone units 83
turn-taking 83, 87b
words, uncertain status of 83
written language, bias towards 82, 84
spot 287e
stammer 500c
stance markers 111, 147a, 274e, 539
Cambridge Grammar of English
Index | 967
stand 285f, 287h, 288e
standard varieties of English 2a, 84
start 285i
state 285b, 286c, 422, 499
state verbs
see
copular verbs
statement 497
stative verbs 481, 539
stay 288d, 288e
stem 539
still 136f
in front-position 72d
for lack of movement 72c
for something continuing in time 72a
for something true in spite of other
things 72b
and yet, already 72a, 81d, 466b
stipulate 289a, 345
stop 285h
strictly speaking 109a, 111
stuff
see
thing/stuff
stutter 500c
sub- 261
sub-classes 539
subject to 286e
subjects 276a, 539
clause elements 269, 274c, 275, 276a
dummy subjects 276b, 405a, 539
obligatory 276a
and predicate 276a
subject complements 279b, 279c
subject pronouns, form of 276a
subject-verb concord 276a, 276c
subjunctive forms 345, 539
conditional clauses 159e, 458
form of 229
indirect object with that-clause 286c
negative 435e
in reported clauses 374
with should 289a
subordination 131, 306, 310, 311, 312
main and subordinate clauses 270, 290,
295, 296, 296a, 506d
subordinators 166, 306, 311, 312, 359c,
359d, 454, 456, 539
subsequent to 252
subsequently 136e, 152
substitution 130, 539
anaphoric/cataphoric 130a
and ellipsis 131
for nouns 132
none, enough for noun phrases 132c
one and some/ones for count nouns
132a
some for non-count nouns 132a
substitution: for nouns – cont.
that of/those of in formal contexts 132b
that/those in formal contexts 132b
substitute forms 130b
complement phrases the same,
likewise, thus 130b
do 130b, 133, 227, 233a
indefinite quantifying pronouns 130b
so 130b, 134
such (anaphoric) 187, 189g, 192
such as 252
such (exclamative) 294
such that 312
suffixes 539
adjectives 236b
inflectional 259
negative 434, 440
spelling 508a–g
word formation 155, 156a, 158a, 262,
263, 268
suggest 159e, 285b, 285f, 286c, 289a, 390b,
422, 499
suggestion 497
super- 261
superlatives
see
comparison
suppletion 539
suppose 134, 285b, 287c, 405a, 437
see also
mental process verbs
supposed to 52d, 404f
supposing that 312, 314d
surely 112, 146c
surprisingly 111
suspect 285b
suspect of 286e
swear 285b
swearing 114, 539
taboo expressions 114a, 114b
taboo intensifiers 114c
syntax 1a, 539
T
taboo language
see
swearing
tags 290
copy tags 302, 533, 539
directive tags 299, 301
exclamation tags 299, 302
in informal writing 121c
in AmE 533
statement tags 299
see also
question tags
tails 2h, 539
clause structure 97a, 97c
968 | Index
Cambridge Grammar of English
tails – cont.
informal writing 121c
AmE 533
reflexive pronouns as 202
types of 97b
take 235a, 287c, 287h
and bring 29a
talking about 106b
taste 279b, 288a, 288c, 350
see also
copular verbs
teach 286a, 286b, 286c, 286d, 286e, 286f
tele- 261
tell 285c, 285d, 286a, 286b, 286c, 286d,
286e, 286f, 360e
and say 489a
tell about 286e
tend 405a
tend to 216, 405a
tense 539
terribly 245b
text 539
textual ellipsis 94a, 129
than
and as 19a
in comparisons 466a, 471a, 471g
rather than 67e
thank for 286e
thankfully 111
thanks to 252
that
see
this/that/these/those
that is 136j
that is to say 109b, 136j
that (relative pronoun) 204
that said 136f
the 187, 189a, 190b, 191, 192, 196a
the first time 351a
their/theirs 190c, 201a, 201b, 201c
see also
possessive pronouns
them 198a
theme 539
themselves 202
then 73, 136c, 136e, 136g, 136h, 136i, 336c
then again 136d
there
existential 94h, 148b, 210, 482d, 539
there again 108b
see also
here/there
there is/there are 45a, 300e
there you go 106c
therefore 136c, 136h, 152, 335a
these
see
this/that/these/those
they 60b, 198a
thing/stuff
stuff 74b
thing 74a
think 134, 285b, 285c, 285d, 287a, 287b,
287c, 343, 350, 390b, 405a, 437, 482b
see also
mental process verbs
this
see
this/that/these/those
this morning/week/etc. 351a
this/that/these/those 45, 187, 189b, 190a,
192
contrasts of number 196f
conveying distance 196f
and deixis 93a, 93b
demonstrative adjectives 187, 190a, 192
demonstrative pronouns 94g, 119b, 206
that 166, 189b, 302, 311
these 189f
this, for highlighting 196f
this and that for identification 196f
this and that referring to discourse
segments 196g
those 189f
use in narratives 196f
those
see
this/that/these/those
though
see
although/though
threaten 499
through 235b, 253b
throughout
see
during
throw 286a, 286b, 286e
thus 136c, 136h, 152, 473c
till 311
time reference 221, 222, 526, 526a
tip 287c
titles 506b
to 164, 235b, 235f
to begin with/to start with 136i
to cap it all 136b
to conclude 136h
to crown it all 136b
to date 351a
to put it another way 109b, 136j
to put it bluntly/mildly 109a
to sum up 108b, 136h
to summarise 136h
to tell you the truth 111
today 351a
together 235b
tone units 539
too
see
also/as well (as)/too
top
see
above
topic 539
totally 238d, 245b
towards 154a
trans- 261
transitive complementation 539
transitive verbs 539
treat to 286e
Cambridge Grammar of English
Index | 969
true enough 95
try 285h, 285i
turn 235a, 279b, 287a
turn out 288a
turn-taking 3f, 272a, 272b, 317a
two, three 190a
two-step questions and responses 101
-type 262
typically 146c
U
ultra- 261
un- 158b, 160a, 261, 434, 440
uncountable nouns 539
undeniably 146e
under- 158b, 261
under no circumstances 336a
understand 285b, 287c, 350, 360e
understandably 111
under/underneath 25a, 253b
see also
below
undoubtedly 111
unfortunately 111
unless 311, 313, 314d, 374, 448
unquestionably 146e
until 166, 253a, 311, 359a, 359c, 374
up 235b, 253b
up- 261
up to/till/until now 252, 351a
urge 286f
us 198a
used to 347d
and be used to 400
emphatic 400
interrogative 400
negative 400
in tags 400
and would, for habitual actions and
events in the past 402
see also
semi-modal verbs
usually 146c, 328
utterances 92, 272, 272a, 272b, 539
utterly 238d, 245b
V
vague language 92, 103a, 539
adverbs and prepositions 103b
approximately 103b
clusters of 103b
exaggeration 103b
vague language – cont.
odd 103b
or between numerals 103b
in the region of 103b
so/or thereabouts/or something 103b
suffix -ish 103b
varieties of English 2a, 84
see also
North American English
verb complementation 277
complementation patterns 159a, 274c
complex transitive 284
direct object + -ed clause 287g
direct object + infinitive clause
without to 287d
direct object + -ing clause 287e
direct object + object complement
(adjective) 287a
direct object + object complement
(noun) 287b
direct object + prepositional
complement of time or place
(locative) 287h
direct object + to-infinitive clause
287c
verbs of perception with - ing or
infinitive without to 287f
consider, deem, feel, with pronoun it
289b
copular 161b, 227, 239a, 247, 279b, 284
adjective phrase complements 288b
adverb phrase complements 288d
copular verbs 282c, 288a
noun phrase complements 288c
prepositional phrase complements
288d
ditransitive 284, 286
direct object + prepositional phrase
(oblique complement) 286e
direct object + to-infinitive clause 286f
indirect + direct object construction
286a
indirect object + that-clause as direct
object 286c
indirect object + wh-clause as direct
object 286d
indirect objects, and passive voice
286b
intransitive 282a, 283
pseudo-intransitive constructions
283a
reciprocal verbs 283b
reflexive construction 283b
monotransitive 284
active/passive voice 285a
970 | Index
Cambridge Grammar of English
verb complementation: monotransitive – cont.
hate, like, love, prefer + - ing or
to-infinitive 285g
infinitive clause without new subject
285i
-ing clause with new subject 285k
non-finite clause with or without new
subject 285e
that-clause as direct object 285b
to-infinitive clause with new subject
285j
verb + direct object 284, 285
verbs normally only followed by -ing
285f
verbs with -ing or to-infinitive clauses
and changes of meaning 285h
wh-clause as direct object 285c
wh-clause with infinitive as direct
object 285d
no complementation 277b
and prepositional verbs 289c
with should and subjunctive mood 289a
single complementation 277c
verbs used transitively or intransitively
282d
verb phrase structure
auxiliary do with lexical verbs 159a
catenative verb phrases 216
complex verb phrases 214
elements of 214a
person and number 214c
tense, indication of 214d
lexical/auxiliary/modal verbs, order of
159a
mood 159e
simple verb phrases 213
tensed and non-tensed verb phrases
base form, tensed and non-tensed
215a
non-tensed verb forms 159b, 215a,
215b, 215c
tensed, -s form and past form 215a
verb as head 159a
verb phrase, as beginning of predicate
159a
voice 159d, 217
verb phrase tense-aspect
aspect, and meaning 159c, 217, 223
perfect auxiliary have before progressive
auxiliary be 217
tense, present and past forms 217, 218
tense-aspect combinations 159c, 217
time reference 221, 222
verbs 158, 539
characteristics of 158c
formation of 158a
see also
auxiliary verbs; catenative verbs;
copular verbs; irregular verbs; lexical
verbs; mental process verbs; modal
verbs; multi-word verbs
very 245b, 467b, 467c
vice- 261
vocatives 539
attracting attention 116
discourse functions of 118
joking, banter 118f
mitigating threats to dignity 118d
ritual contexts 118c
social contexts 118c
softening 118d
summons 118a
topic management 118e
turn management 118b
general plural vocatives 117c
honorifics 117e
impersonal 117d
names and titles 117a
positions of 118g
in spoken English 116
terms of address, relative formality of
116
terms of kinship and endearment 117b
voice 2h, 539
see also
active voice; passive voice
vote 287b
W
wait for 40
want 75a–f, 285h, 285i, 285j, 287a, 287g,
343, 350, 405b, 487
-ward(s) 162, 262
warn (of) 285b, 286c, 286d, 286e, 499
watch 287d, 287e, 287f
we 93a, 198a, 198g
well 76a, 76b, 106c, 107, 108a, 108d, 109a,
136j, 240b, 534b
well/better/best 464
what a pity! 95
what about 3f, 5d
what (exclamative) 187, 189g, 204, 294, 303
what (interrogative) 99, 187, 205
whatever 208, 314f, 455
as adverb 77d
for agreement, vague or unwilling 77f
as determiner 77a
Cambridge Grammar of English
Index | 971
whatever – cont.
meaning ‘regardless of’ 77c
as pronoun 77b
for vagueness 77e
what’s more 108b, 136b, 335a
whatsoever 447a
wh-cleft structures 139, 539
see also
cleft structures
when 166, 270, 311, 313, 359a, 359b, 359c,
359d, 374
whenever 311, 313, 455
where 311, 314c
whereas 166, 311, 314e
wherever 311, 314c, 314f
whether
see
if, and whether
which (interrogative) 187, 189a, 190a, 191,
205, 292d, 311
which (relative clauses) 204, 317a, 317e
whichever 455
while 166, 311, 313, 359a, 359b
and as 78a
and during 78a
contrasting two ideas 78a
with ellipted subject 78a
and nevertheless 314f
as noun 78b
for simultaneous time relationship 78a
subordinating conjunction 78a
whilst 78a, 311, 314e
whisper 500c
who 3e, 204, 205, 311, 317c, 317d
whoever 311, 314f, 455
whole 12a
wholly 238d
whom 3e, 204, 205, 311, 317c, 317d
whose 187, 189a, 190a, 204, 205, 311
will/would
in conditional clauses 452
contracted forms 234d
will 387
confident predictions 146a
degrees of willingness 387
directives 387
disapproval 387
general truths 344
intentions/offers 387
politeness 344
predictions 387
requests/invitations 387
responding 387
and would 391
would 390
with appear and seem 146b
conditional sentences 390b
will/would: would – cont.
hedging 146b, 390b
past time 390a
requests 390b
see also
conditional clauses; future time;
modal verbs; shall/should
-wise 162, 262
wish 285i, 286a, 437
with 79, 164, 235b, 235f, 314g
within 253b
wonder 285c, 285d, 343, 500b
word classes 1g, 155, 539
word clusters 3g, 539
distribution of 503
functions of 505
in academic English 505g
interpersonal functions 505c
linking functions 505e
other prepositional relations 505b
time and place relations 505a
turn-taking 505f
vague language 505d
types of 504
with conjunction 504e
noun phrase + of 504d
preposition + article 504a
prepositional expressions 504e
subject + verb 504a
subject + verb with complement items
504c
verb infinitives 504e
word formation 539
abbreviation 267a
back-formation 267b
compounds 260, 265, 268
adjectives 265c
nouns 265b
reduplicative 265a
structure of 265a
verbs 265d
conversion 260, 264, 268
hyphenation 266
inflection 259
invented words 267c
loan words 267c
prefixation 260, 261, 268
product names 267c
productivity 268
from proper names 267c
suffixation 260, 268
word order, and focus 539
active/passive choice 475b
adjectivalisation 475j
anticipatory it 475f
972 | Index
Cambridge Grammar of English
word order, and focus – cont.
cleft sentences 475c
existential there 475g
fronting 472, 473a–d
headers and tails 472, 474
indirect object versus prepositional
complement 475a
marked/unmarked order 472
nominalisation 475j
pseudo-intransitive constructions 475i
raising 475h
theme and rheme 472
the thing, one thing, something 475e
wh-cleft sentences 475d
word order choices 472
see also
adjuncts, position of; fronting
word structure 258a
affixes 258a
allomorphs 258a
base 258b
compounds 258a
lexemes 258b
morphemes 258a
stem 258b
work 235a
worth 80a
worthwhile 80b
would
see
will/would
would rather 67c, 403f
would sooner 403g
write 285b, 286c
written language
informal 121a–d
and spoken language 3c, 3d, 3e, 3g, 3h,
82, 84
Y
-y 160a, 236b, 262, 263
yeah 98e, 106c, 108c
yell 500c
yes-no questions
see
questions
yet 3d, 136f
and already 13, 72a, 81d
as concessive conjunct 81b
as intensifier 81c
and still 72a, 81d, 466b
as time adverb 81a
you 3c, 60b, 198a
you know 3c, 52b, 106a, 106b, 109b
you say 501c
you see 106b, 109b
yourself 202
your/yours 190c, 201a, 201b, 201c
see also
possessive pronouns
Z
zero determiner 187, 189g, 192
Cambridge Grammar of English
Index | 973
Document Outline - Cover
- Title page
- Copyright
- The Authors
- The Cambridge Grammar Reference Panel
- Dedication
- Acknowledgements
- Contents
- Introduction to the Cambridge Grammar of English
- Spoken language
- Grammar and discourse
- Word and phrase classes
- Nouns
- Verbs
- Adjectives and adverbs
- Prepositions and particles
- Word formation
- Sentence and clause patterns
- Time
- Notions and functions
- Information packaging
- Appendices
- Glossary
- Bibliography
- Index
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