retort 500c
reveal 499
rhemes 539
rhetorical questions 539
right 69, 461
as backchannel marker 69
to check understanding 69
as discourse marker 69, 90, 106a, 106c,
107, 108a, 108c, 110
in fixed expressions 69
meaning ‘all the way’, ‘completely’ 69
meaning ‘correct’ or ‘fair’ 69
meaning ‘exactly’ or ‘just’ 69
rightly, as comment adverb 69
as synonym for ‘okay’, ‘we agree’ 69
as tag question 98e
right dislocation 97a, 539
risk 285f
roar 500c
rob of 286e
roughly 112, 146c, 467b
roughly speaking 146c
round
see
around/round
rumble 500c
run 235a
-(r)y 262
964 | Index
Cambridge Grammar of English
S
sadly 111
save 286a, 286e
say 219, 285b, 285c, 285d, 286c, 390b,
482b
and tell 489a
scarcely 238d, 336a, 434, 446
second/secondly 108b
see 285b, 285c, 285d, 287d, 287e, 287f
seeing as/that 312, 314g
seem 134, 279b, 288a, 288c, 405a, 467c,
475h
see also
copular verbs
seem to 216
seemingly 146c
seldom 328, 336a, 446, 473c
semantics 539
semi- 261
semi-modal verbs 227, 234a, 378, 395, 539
dare 396
need 397, 397a
ought to 398, 399
used to 347d, 400, 402
send 286a, 286b, 286e, 287a, 287h
sentence to 286e
sentences 269, 539
as grammatical units 269
sentence types 273
simple, compound and complex 271
and spoken language 83, 87b
and utterances 272, 272a, 272b
written language, informal 121c
sentential relative clauses 204
seriously 111
serve 286a, 286b, 286e
serve with 286e
set 235a, 287h
several 130b, 187, 190a, 191, 207
shall/should
in indirect reports 493c
in AmE 531a
shall
directives 388
offers/advice 388
predictions/intentions 388
shall/will/’ll 144e, 224c, 234b, 389,
413c, 415d, 418d, 420a
should 452
conditional sentences 392
and ought to 146b, 399
suggestions 392
surprise 392
shall/should: should – cont.
thanking 392
what is desirable 392
what is likely/possible 392
and would 393
speech acts, and modal expressions 411
see also
modal verbs; will/would
she 198a
-ship 262
shoot back 500c
short answers 28, 94g, 199, 437
should
see
shall/should
shout 500c
show 285b, 285c, 285d, 286a, 286b, 286c,
286d, 286e, 287h
shriek 500c
sigh 500c
similarly 152
simply 245b
since 166, 253a, 257, 311, 314g
and for 70
and from 70g
and because 70
ever since 70d
with -ing form 70b
long since 70f
referring to reasons 70, 70b
referring to time 70
and since then 70c
since when, questions with 70e
tense-aspect patterns with 70a
main clause 70a
since clause 70a
singular forms 539
-sion/-tion/-xion 262
sir 117e
sit 285f
situational ellipsis 92
conditional if 94k
copular verb be 94e, 94g
declaratives without subject pronoun
94f
demonstrative pronouns 94g
determiners 94j
existential there 94h
fixed expressions 94l
informal writing 121a, 121b, 121d
initial elements 94b, 94g
interrogatives 94c, 94d
mental process verbs 94f
modal verb structures 94f
prepositions 94m
spoken language 83, 91
structural ellipsis 94a
Cambridge Grammar of English
Index | 965
situational ellipsis – cont.
subject, omission of 276a
understood references 94a
verb ellipsis in directives 94i
slightly 245b
smell 279b, 287e, 288a, 288c, 350
see also
copular verbs
snap 500c
so 136c, 136h, 314i
as adverb 71a
as alternative to just or just like 71a
as degree adverb 71a
as manner adverb 71a
much, many, little, few,
premodification of 71a
size and extent, indication of 71a
so + adjective/adverb + that-
complement clause 71a
so and such 71a
so and very 71a
in affirmative short replies 437
as discourse marker 71d, 106c, 107, 108a,
108b, 108c, 108d
as subordinator
clauses of purpose 71c
clauses of result 71c
as substitute 71b, 134
so as to 314h
so do I 134
so far 351a
so long as 312, 314d, 448
so that 314h, 314i
so to speak 109a, 136j
softening 103a, 539
some 130b, 207, 438
and any 196b, 196c, 196d
as noun-substitute 132a
strong form 187, 189a, 190a, 191
weak form 187, 189g, 190a, 191, 196b
somebody 117d, 207, 207a, 239b, 293a,
300d, 438
someone 117d, 207, 207a, 239b, 293a, 300d,
438
something 207, 207a, 239b, 438
sometimes 328
somewhat 245b, 467c
somewhere 239b, 438
sorry 111
sort of 55, 103a, 112, 177c
sound 279b, 288a, 288c, 405a, 467c
see also
copular verbs
spare 286a, 286e
speaking of which 106b
specially 35
speech act verbs 422
performative verbs 422a
and politeness 422b
boosting 423b
hedging/downtoning 423, 423b
modal expressions + ask for softening
423c
negation 423b
reporting structures, with hope, think,
wonder 423c
tense and aspect 423a
and present progressive 340e
reporting verbs 422c, 423
speech acts 408, 539
and clause types
declarative clauses, as questions 410a
imperative clauses, as
offers/invitations 410d
interrogative clauses, as exclamations
410c
modal verbs/interrogative clauses, as
directives 410b
possible correspondences 410
typical correspondences 410
commissives 408, 417
invitations 419, 419a–c
offers 418, 418a–f
promises/undertakings 420, 420a
constatives 408
declarations 408
directives 408, 412
commands/instructions 413, 413a–e
warnings/advice/suggestions 414,
414a–g
expressives 408
modal expressions 411
non-modal expressions 421
suggestions 421a–b
permissions/prohibitions 415, 415a–f
please 423e
and politeness 423d
realisation of 409
requests 416, 416a–f
speech representation 539
attributing 498
in conversation 501
checking, recapping, summarising 501c
direct and indirect reports 501a
dramatisation and narrative 501d
I says, go, be, like 501e
topic management 501b
direct reports 488
formal registers, impersonal reports in
502b
966 | Index
Cambridge Grammar of English
speech representation – cont.
indirect reports 488
directives 488
polar and alternative questions 488,
495a
reporting and reported clauses 488
statements 488
wh-questions and exclamations 488,
495b
internet discourse 122
newspaper headlines 502a
nouns, speech reports introduced by
488, 497
past simple versus past progressive in 2d
punctuation 490, 490a, 490b
quoting 488, 498
real and hypothetical reports 488
reporting/reported clauses 488, 491,
491a, 496
reports of statements 494
in speech and writing 500
adjuncts, and reporting verbs 500d
free direct and free indirect speech
and thought 500e
questions and answers, reports of
500b
subject-verb inversion 500a
vocal and emotional characteristics,
representing 500c
viewpoint: time and place references
493
backshift, and modal verbs 493c
deictic expressions 493a
personal pronouns 493d
tense backshift 493b
spelling
British and American English spelling 511
-ise/-ize variants 511
i before e except after c (ie or ei) 510b
prefixes 507
short and long vowels 509
consonant doubling with 509a
final -e to indicate long vowel 509b
sound pairs, one or two words 510a
suffixes 508
changing y to i 508d
consonant doubling 508a
dropping final -e 508a
noun plurals 508c
suffix -ally 508g
verb -ed forms 508e
verb -ing forms 508f
verb -s forms 508c
split infinitives 337, 539
spoken language 2h, 121
affective features 104
backchannel items 83
clausal blends 87c
communication units 83
context, importance of 2g
corpus data, use of 3c, 3d, 3e, 3g, 3h
disconnected ‘subordinate’ clauses 83
discourse markers 90
ellipsis 83
grammar, non-standard 84, 119
ain’t as negative contraction 119b
double and multiple negation 119b
levels of acceptability 1c, 2a, 85, 119a
object personal pronoun as subject
119b
past and -ed participle verb form
patterns 119b
subject/verb concord 119b
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |