highly 245b
him 198a
himself 202
hint 285b, 499
his 190c, 201a, 201b, 201c
see also
possessive pronouns
Cambridge Grammar of English
Index | 949
historic present tense 360a, 501d, 539
hold 235a, 285b, 287a, 287b
homographs 539
homonyms 539
homophones 539
honestly 111
honorifics 539
-hood 156a, 262
hope 134, 285b, 285i, 343, 437
see also
expect
hopefully 111
how 311
how about 3f, 5d
how come? 100
how (exclamative) 294, 303
however 136f, 152, 311, 314f, 455
hypo- 261
hyper- 261
hypercorrectness 199, 539
hyphenation 141b, 260, 266
I
I 3c, 198a
I (don’t) think 437
I mean 52b, 106b, 109a
I must admit 111
I must say 111
I see 110
I think 111, 112, 145
-ial 236b
-ian 262
-iate 158a
-ible 236b
-ic 160a, 236b
-ic(al) 236b, 262
ideally 111
-ie/y 262
if 166, 311, 313, 314d, 374
as if 15f, 312, 405a, 471c
if ever 37
if only 61d
if with at least/also 314f
if you ask me 111
if you don’t mind, for indirectness 53b
if you like (discourse marker) 109a
and whether 292g, 314f, 495a
see also
conditional clauses
-ify 262
il- 261
-il 507
il-/im-/in-/ir- 160a, 261, 434, 440
ill 240b
ill/worse/worst 464
-im 507
I’m afraid 111
imagine 134, 285b, 285c, 285d, 285f, 287c,
390b, 437
see also
mental process verbs
imperative clauses 539
in academic English 149
bare imperative, directness of 293a
for directives 290, 301, 410
with emphatic do-auxiliary 293a
with emphatic subject pronoun 293a
form of 159e, 229, 293a
for invitations 149, 293a, 410d
with let/let’s 48a, 149, 293a, 293b, 435d
negative 435d
don’t/do not with lexical verb 293b,
435d
with emphatic subject pronoun 293b
let’s and don’t let’s (let us not, don’t
let us) 293b, 435d
lexical verb + not 435d
with negative subject 435d
with never/not ever 435d
sentence types 273
for warnings 410
impersonal constructions
existential there 94h, 148b, 210, 475g,
482d, 539
raised subject 146d
there is/are constructions 300e
third person self-reference 148c
see also
anticipatory it
implore 286f
imply 285b
impossible 475h
in 164, 235b, 253b
and by 136d
at, in, on, place 21b
at, in, on, time 21a
in a manner of speaking 109a
in a sense 146c
in a way 146c
in accordance with 7b
in actual fact 46
see also
actual/actually
in addition 136b, 152
in addition to 252
in aid of 252
in any case 136f
in any event 136f
in brief 152
in case 311, 312, 314d
in conclusion 136h, 152
950 | Index
Cambridge Grammar of English
in consequence 152
in exchange for 252
in fact 9b, 46, 111
in favour of 252
in front of 62, 164, 252
in general 108b
in its/their turn 152
in line with 252
in most cases 146c
in order for 312
in order to/that 166, 311, 312, 314h
in other words 109a, 136j
in particular 136b
in place of 252
in principle 146c
in short 136h
in some respects 146c
in some senses 146c
in spite of 136f, 252
in sum 136h, 152
in summary 136h, 152
in that 314g
in that case 136g
in the end 108b, 335a
in the event 312, 314d, 335a
in the first place 108b, 136i
in the meantime 136e
in/by contrast 136d
incidentally 106b, 136j
indeed 111, 136j
indefinite article 539
see also
a/an
indefinite pronouns 539
and apostrophes 506h
cardinal and ordinal numbers 207
-one, -body, -thing differences in
meaning 207a
indicative mood 159e, 539
indirect interrogative clauses 292g, 495a,
539
indirect objects 278a, 278c, 539
see also
verb complementation
indirect speech
see
speech representation
indisputably 146e
inevitability 406
inevitable 406
inevitably 146e, 406
infer 285b
infinitives 539
inflections 155, 258b, 259, 539
inform 286c, 286d, 499
inform of 286e
-ing (suffix) 156a, 508a
initials 506b
inquire 285c, 285d
inside/inside of 252, 253b
insist 159e, 285b, 289a, 345, 422
insofar as 312
insomuch as 312
inspire 287c
instead/instead of 136d, 252
instruct 286d, 286f
intend 285i, 287c, 289a
intensifiers 12d, 16c, 67a, 68, 81c, 95b,
114c, 447a, 468c, 539
inter- 261
interest in 286e
interjections 113, 274e, 539
internet discourse
chat rooms 122
emails 122
instant messages 122
interrogative clauses 290, 539
indirect interrogatives
indirect polar interrogatives with if or
whether 292g, 495a
indirect wh-interrogatives 292g
negative polar interrogatives
with modal verbs for polite
requests/commands 292c
negative yes-no interrogatives 292c
replies to 292c
polar interrogatives
auxiliary verbs be, do, have 292a
exclamations with be 292b
with lexical verb be 292b
with lexical verb have 292b
with multiple auxiliary verbs 292a
wh-interrogatives
with lexical verb have 292d
negative 292f
prepositions and particles with 292e
wh-question words 292d
word order of 292d
see also
questions
interrogative pronouns 205
see also
questions
interrupt 499
intervene 499
into 235b, 235f
intonation 539
question tags 98b
questions 429, 429a–c, 430, 431
relative clauses 317i
intra- 261
intransitive verbs 539
see also
verb complementation
intro- 261
Cambridge Grammar of English
Index | 951
introduce to 286e
inversion 539
invite 286f
involve 285f, 405b
-ir 507
irrefutably 146e
irregular verbs 158a, 529a, 532g, 539
is that so? 95
-ise/-ize 262
-ish 160a, 236b, 262, 263
-ism 156a, 262
-ist 262
it 198a
with consider, deem, find 289b
as dummy subject 405a
empty it 210, 539
as subject in tags 302
see also
anticipatory it
its 190c, 201a, 201b, 201c
itself 202
-ity/-ty 262
-ive 160a, 236b, 262
J
judge 285c, 285d
just 245b, 467b, 467c
for emphasis 47
with expressions of time and place 47
meaning ‘exactly’ 47
meaning ‘only’ 47
meaning ‘recently’ 47
with modal verbs, for tentativeness 403g
only just 61g
as softener 47
just about 112
K
keep 235a, 287a, 287b
keep on 285f
kind of 74a, 103a, 112
knock 235a
know 3c, 285b, 285c, 285d, 287c, 350, 405a
L
language names 528a, 528b
language variation 2g
largely 245b
last of all 108b, 136i
lastly 108b, 136i, 152
and at last 153
lately 351a
lay 287h
lead 287c, 287h
learn 285b, 285c, 285d, 285i
learner corpus 3i
least
see
little, a little/few, a few
leave 286a, 286b, 286e, 287a, 287b, 287e,
287g
left dislocation 96b, 539
lend 286a, 286b, 286e
less
see
little, a little/few, a few
-less 160a, 236b, 262, 434, 440
lest 311
let 235a, 287d, 405b
let/let’s for imperative 48a, 149, 293a,
293b, 435d
meaning ‘allow/permit’ 48
meaning ‘rent’ 48b
let alone 48c
-let/-ette 262
lexemes 265a, 539
lexical verbs
base form, uses of 229
be, do, have as 227
and core modal verbs 380a
-ed form, uses of
as adjective 232
as -ed participle 232
in non-finite clauses 232
for past tense 232
-ing form, uses of
as adjective 231
as gerund 231
non-finite clauses 231
progressive aspect 231
irregular verbs, forms of
base form 228b
be, have, do 228b
-ed form as -ed participle/adjective/
non-tensed 228b
-ed form as past tense 228b
non-catenative 216
regular verbs, forms and functions of 228a
base form 228a
-ed form 228a
-ing form 228a
-s form 228a
-s form, use of 230
in verb phrases 213, 214a
see also
multi-word verbs
lie 285f, 288d, 288e
952 | Index
Cambridge Grammar of English
like 285g
adjectival function of 49
in comparisons 467c, 471f
as conjunction 49
as discourse marker 103a, 107, 112
look like and be like 49
meaning ‘similar to’ 49
in spoken English 49a
end position to qualify preceding
statement 49a
as filler 103a, 107
to focus attention 49a
it with be + like, to introduce
example/analogy 49a
like what? 49a
as marker of reported speech 49a, 501e
as suffix 262
as verb 285i, 285j, 285k, 287a, 287g, 350
see also
as; comparison
-like 262
likely 146c, 404e, 534c
likewise 136b, 152
linking adjuncts 539
additive 136b, 152
concessive 136f
contrastive 136d, 152
coordinating conjunctions, co-
occurrence with 136a
function of 136a
inference 136g
listing 136i
meta-textual 136j
misused 153
on the contrary, by contrast, on the
other hand 153
first(ly) and at first 153
last(ly) and at last 153
organisational 152
resultative 136c, 152
summative 136h
time 136e
see also
cohesion
listen 106b, 108d
literally 111
little, a little/few, a few
(a) few 130b, 189e, 207, 434
(a) little 50d, 130b, 207, 336a, 434, 464,
467c
(a) little, less, least 187, 189d, 190a, 191,
470, 470a
(a) little and (a) few 50a, 71a
fewer and less 50c
few/fewer/fewest 187, 190a, 191, 207
little, few, premodification of 71a
little, a little/few, a few – cont.
little/few and not much/not many 50a,
446
see also
bit/a bit (of)
live 288d, 288e
loathe 285f
locative, locative complement 287h, 539
long 285i
look 108d, 235a, 279b, 288a, 288c, 405a,
467c, 475h
see also
copular verbs
look for 343
lot/lots
see
much, many/a lot, lots of
love 285g, 285i, 285j, 285k
lovely 108a
-ly 160a, 162, 262
M
madam 117e
main clauses 539
and subordinate clauses 270, 290, 295,
296, 296a, 506d
see also
coordination; subordination
maintain 499
make 235a, 286a, 286e, 287a, 287b, 287d,
405b
constructions following 51
and do 51b
with infinitive without to 51a
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