do, do so, do it, do that, choice
between 133
do, do so, do it, do the same, for verb
+ complementation 133
do so, tensed and non-tensed forms 133
modal or auxiliary + do for lexical verb +
complement 133
modal verb with no substitute do 533
so do I 134
-dom 156a, 262
doubly 245b
doubt 285b, 285c
doubtless 111
down 235b, 253b
as adjective 32
as adverb 32
as preposition 32
as verb 32
down- 261
downtoner 539
dread 285f
drive 287a, 287h
dual class nouns 180
due to 252
duly 335a
dummy subjects 276b, 405a, 539
during 164, 257, 351a
and for 33
and while 78a
dynamic verb 539
dys- 261
E
each 130b, 187, 189c, 190a, 191, 207
each other 34a, 203
and one another 34a
each other’s 34a, 203
each/each of/each one of 34c
and every 34b
with pronouns/possessives 34d
referring to subject 34e
subject of clause, not used as 34a
easy 475h
echo questions 99, 432
-ed 236b, 262, 508a
-ee 156a, 262
eh 98e
either 130b, 207
either … or 166, 308, 445, 539
either of 195
in negative clauses 14f
and neither 187, 189c, 190a, 191
elder/older 464
elect 287b, 287c
ellipsis 2d, 539
auxiliary verbs in reduced clauses 227
clausal ellipsis with once 59c
contexts of use 3b
with as if and as though 471c
preposition stranding 257
in questions 426a, 427b
in subordinate clauses 313
and substitution 131
you and the in taboo naming expressions
114b
see also
situational ellipsis; textual
ellipsis
em- 261
embedded clauses 305, 315, 317a, 506d
embedded prepositional phrases 141d
emphatically 146e
empty it 210, 539
-en 158a, 262
en- 261
enable 287c
encourage 287c
endophoric reference
see
reference,
endophoric
endure 285f
endweight 539
enjoy 285f
enough 130b, 187, 189g, 190a, 191, 245b
enquire/inquire 285c, 285d, 500b
ensure 289a
entail 405b
entirely 238d, 245b, 330
entitle 287c
envy 286a
-eous, -ious, -ous 236b
epistemic 539
equally 136b, 152
equip 287c
-er 156a, 508a
er/erm 89a
-ese 262
especially 245b
and specially 35
essentially 111
-est 508a
establish 285c, 285d
946 | Index
Cambridge Grammar of English
even
and also 36d
in comparatives 36b
even if 36c, 453
even so, even then 36e
even though 15d, 36c, 314f
meaning and use of 36a, 466b
not even 36a
position of 36a
eventually 136e
ever
as adverb 37
with comparative as … as 37
as ever 37
ever since 37, 70d
if ever 37
not ever, never 37, 444
yours ever 37
every 34b, 187, 189c, 191
cannot stand alone 38
every one of 38
every other 38c
every single 38
not every, negative form 38
with plural nouns 38
pronouns and possessives referring to
38
with singular noun 38
everybody 12a, 38c, 117c, 207, 207a, 239b,
293a, 300d
everyone 12a, 38a, 38c, 117c, 207, 207a,
239b, 293a, 300d
everything 38c, 207, 207a, 239b
and all 12b
everywhere 38c, 239b
evidence 406
evident 406
evidently 146c, 406, 498
exact 467b
exactly 47, 69, 248, 467b, 467c
except
and apart from 39c
and besides 136b, 136f
as conjunction 39b
except for 39a, 252
except that 166
with infinitive 39
with -ing form 39
with noun
as preposition 39
exclamation marks 506c, 539
exclamative clauses 273, 539
exclamation tags 299, 302
with how 290, 294, 303
exclamative clauses – cont.
interrogatives 292b, 410c
in AmE 538
speech acts 410
substitute form so in 134
with such 294
with what 187, 189g, 204, 290, 294, 303
excuse 497
existential there 94h, 148b, 210, 475g, 482d,
539
exophora
see
reference, exophoric
expect 134, 285b, 287c, 405a
constructions following 40a
expect of and expect from 40d
expect so and expect to 40b
and hope 40
with object + adverb 40a
with object + to-infinitive 40a
and progressive forms 40c
with that-clause 40a
with to-infinitive 40a
and wait for 40
explain 285b, 285c, 285d, 286c, 499
and explain about 41
explanation 497
extra- 261
extremely 245b
F
face 285f
fail/fail to 216, 285i
fair enough 95
fairly 245b
see also
quite
fall
and fall down 42
and feel, past tense forms 42
fancy 285f
far 464
farewells 115
farther/further 464
feel 42, 279b, 285b, 287c, 287d, 287e, 287f,
287g, 288a, 288c, 405a
see also
copular verbs
feel like 285f
feel/fall 42
fell
see
fall
fetch 29b
few/fewer/fewest
see
little, a little/few, a
few
fillers 103a, 107, 539
finally 108b, 136i, 152
Cambridge Grammar of English
Index | 947
find 285b, 286a, 286e, 287a, 287b, 287c,
287e, 287g, 289b, 482b
find out 285c, 285d
fine 107, 108a, 110, 286a
finish 285f
finite clauses 290, 297, 539
first 336c
first of all 12d, 108b, 136i
firstly 108b, 136i, 152
and at first 153
fit 532e
fixed expressions 539
focus
see
word order, and focus
follow-up questions 100
for 164, 235b, 235f, 311, 314g
and during 33
as conjunction 270
with -ing form 43
meaning ‘because’ 44
periods of time 43
recipient of action or thing 43
and since 70, 351b
for a start 108b, 136i
for all that 136f
for certain 146e, 406
for definite 406
for example 136j
for instance 136j
for lack of 252
for one thing … for another thing 136i
for sure 146e, 406
forbid 286f, 405b, 422, 422b
force 287c, 405b
foregrounding 539
forget 285b, 285c, 285d, 285h, 285i
forgive 286a
formality 539
fortunately 111
frankly 111
frequently 146c, 328
from 70g, 164
fronting 96a, 472, 539
adjuncts 473c
direct objects 473a
predicative complements 473b
verbs 473d
see also
word order
-ful 160a, 236b, 262
functions 1h
furthermore 136b, 152, 335a
future time 361
be about to 5c, 376, 404a
be going to versus present progressive
362
future time – cont.
be going to versus will/shall 363
be to 376
future in the past 373
future perfect forms with will/’ll, shall
225, 372
future perfect progressive 372
future progressive 371
gonna 364
independent ’ll 365
modal verbs for 375
present simple for 369
shall/will for predictions 387, 388
subordinate clauses, future reference in
374
will, shall, and ’ll for promises 420,
420a
will versus shall 367
will/shall for intention/volition 366
will/shall in requests/offers 367
G
gather 285b, 405a
gender 539
generally 146c, 245b, 328
generic pronouns 539
genitive 539
gerunds 539
get 235a, 279b, 287a, 287c, 287e, 287g,
288a, 288c, 288d, 288e, 532d
get on, off/go on, off, confusion between
30
get to 216
see also
copular verbs; passive voice
get-passive
in academic discourse 145
formation of 479
and pseudo-passive with have 479,
485
reflexive structures with 797
tense-aspect forms of 797
functions of 483
event/state distinction 483
informal contexts 483
newsworthy actions/events 483
reflexive constructions 483
give 235a, 286a, 286b, 286e
give up 285f
given (that) 312, 314d
go
see
come/go
going back to 108b
good 106c, 107, 108a, 110
948 | Index
Cambridge Grammar of English
good deal of, great deal of 182b
good/better/best 464
gotten 532d
gradability
adjectives 66b, 66c, 160b, 237b, 238c,
238d, 238e
adverbs 242
nouns 27a, 539
grammar
beyond sentence level 123
and context 2g, 3b
descriptive versus prescriptive 2c
deterministic versus probabilistic 2b
and discourse 2f
and lexis 2e, 3g
as structure versus choice 2d
see also
spoken language
grant 286a, 286b, 286e
granted (that) 312
great 106c, 107, 108a, 110
greetings 115
groan 500c
grow 279b, 288a, 288c
growl 500c
grumble 500c
guarantee 285b
guess 134, 285b, 285c, 405a
H
had better 403c, 414h, 531d
half 130b, 187, 238d, 261
hand 286a, 286b, 286e
happen to 216
hard 475h
hardly 336a, 434, 446
with at all, for emphasis 44
with any/anyone/anybody/anything 44
for distancing 44
in front position with subject-verb
inversion 44
and hard 44
negative adverb 44
hardly ever 328
hate 285g, 285i, 285j, 285k, 350
have 219, 287d, 287e, 287g
adjuncts, position of 325c
as auxiliary verb 227, 233
with catenative verbs 216
contracted forms 31b, 233b
polar interrogatives 292a
see also
perfect aspect
delexical verbs 175, 475a, 539
have – cont.
and have got 532b
as lexical verb 213, 227
polar interrogatives 292b
wh-interrogatives 292d
pseudo-passive forms with 292b, 476,
479, 480, 484, 485
and textual ellipsis 129
have to
see
must/have (got) to
he 198a
headers 2h, 539
and clause structure 96a, 96c, 274e, 474
in informal writing 121c
interrogative clauses as 96b
non-finite clauses as 96b
noun phrase strings as 96b
reflexive pronouns as 202
there subject proform 96b
heads, headwords 539
hear 285b, 285c, 287d, 287e, 287f, 360e
hedging 103a, 112, 539
in academic English 144a, 146b, 146c,
146d
actually 9b
bit/ a bit (of) 27b
expressions 146c
impersonal constructions 146d
modality 146b
can, could, might and may 146b
should and ought to 146b
would 146b, 390b
and negation 447b, 447d
and politeness 423, 423a, 423b, 423d
thing 74a
help 285i, 287c, 287d
hence 136c, 152
her, hers 190c, 198a, 201a, 201b, 201c
see also
possessive pronouns
here/there
abstract uses 45a
after prepositions 45b
come/bring and go/take 45
in front position 45a
hello there 45e
here, on the telephone 45d
here/there you are 45c
there, for signalling endpoint 45a
herself 202
hey 106b, 108d
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